then called, certain amendments to the charter were made in deference to public opinion, abolishing religious tests; but the control of the institution still remained in the hands of Doctor (now Bishop) Strachan and his friends, and for six years it was conducted under Church of England auspices. Meanwhile the Methodist and Presbyterian bodies had established rival collegiate institutions of their own, while not ceasing to agitate politically against the sectarian character of the State University. In 1849 their agitation bore fruit. Faculty of Divinity was abolished, a larger measure of public control was instituted, and provision was made for the affiliation of denominational colleges. At the same time the name was changed to that which has ever since been retained -the University of Toronto.

The

versity of Toronto waited for the ingathering of the denominational colleges. In 1853, however, in default of any movement in that direction-and, indeed, in consequence of the continued opposition and hostility of these colleges and the denominations which supported them

the Legislature saw fit to change its constitution again. The time was not yet ripe for a comprehensive system of higher education under State control and with State assistance. The Faculty of Medicine was regarded as an unfair invasion by the Government of the field of private enterprise in favor of a single profession, and it was decided to abandon the teaching of medicine to proprietary schools. The Faculty of Law also was dropped; and the Faculty of Arts, the only one remaining of the original four under the charter of 1827, was

reconstituted as University College, a teaching institution, while the University itself became a mere examining and degree-conferring corporation like the first University of London.

University College

For more than thirty years the requirements of the Province were sufficiently met by the provincial institution with its single Faculty, and by the rival denominational colleges and private institutions. But the rapid advances of education in science imported a new factor into the situation. The University of Toronto and its teaching Faculty, University College, gradually introduced into ordinary undergraduate courses practical laboratory instruction in biology and physics, and increased the facilities for experi

departments of instruction in Arts were. divided, speaking roughly, into "literary" and "scientific." The former were assigned concurrently to University College and to such denominational institutions as should enter into the federation. The scientific departments were the portion of a newly created Faculty of Arts in the University, instruction in these subjects being common to students of all the colleges, including University College. Teaching Faculties of Medicine and Law in the University were also reestablished. The results of this arrangement have fully justified the change. Victoria College, the Methodist institution, and Trinity College, that of the Church of England body, have cast in their lot with the University of Toronto, thus constituting, with University Col

mental work in chemistry and mineralogy. The cost of maintaining these departments threatened to exceed the resources of the institution, and the growing expense of teaching the scientific subjects pressed even more severely upon its rivals. A federation of universities in the Province-which had been more or less a dream for nearly forty years became a practical question. One of the denominational colleges was now ready to amalgamate with the State institution, and the others were considering a similar renunciation of their university privileges. In 1887 the University was again reorganized to suit the new conditions of higher education in the Province. The

lege, a group of colleges engaged in friendly rivalry in the teaching of the literary subjects of an Arts course. The new Faculty of Arts of the University, composed of the scientific departments, has received great accession of strength, both from the attendance of students formerly educated entirely by the denominational colleges, and also from the establishment of the sister Faculty of Medicine. The teaching in Medicine has been deepened and broadened by basing professional training upon a more intimate acquaintance with the sciences of biology and chemistry than had been possible in the days of proprietary schools. A later addition to the Uni

versity was the Faculty of Applied Science, which will presently be described in detail. The original endowment of the University proving insufficient, liberal additions have been made in recent years by the provincial Government, both in the form of grants of money and lands and by the erection out of public funds of new buildings.

The great expansion of the University of Toronto in the period since the federation movement began, can perhaps be best appreciated by a statistical comparison:

In 1885 a single building contained the Convocation Hall, the Library, the Natural History museums, besides all the lecture rooms, labor

colleges-Victoria, Trinity. In 1885 there were 366 students in Arts attending lectures. In 1904 there are 1,012 students in Arts, 721 in Medicine, 402 in Applied Science.

The Scientific Courses

The scientific instruction in the University of Toronto is conducted in the Physical Laboratories are at present sitmain University building, where the uated; in the Medical building; in the Chemical building; in the Biological building; and in the School of Practical Science, which is devoted mainly to Engineering. The Mining building, now approaching completion, will also house

atories, offices and private rooms of the staff, except that the Chemical Laboratory and lecture room and the Biological and Mineralogical Laboratories were temporarily accommodated in the School of Practical Science, a provincial institution in which the University College professors also gave instruction. In 1904 the old University building has been enlarged, and there are new separate buildings for Chemistry, for Biology (including the Biological Museum), and for the Library. A building for Geology, Mineralogy, and Mining Engineering is in course of erection; a Convocation Hall is begun; plans for a Physics building are in preparation; a Medical building and an Applied Science building, representing two new Faculties, also form now a part of the University. Again, in 1885, the staff of teachers in Arts subjects was fifteen in number. In 1904 they number seventythree, without reckoning those in the federated

the Mineralogical and Geological Departments and that of Applied and Electro-Chemistry. The regular honor courses in Physics, Chemistry, Geology and Mineralogy, and Biology, lead to the degree of Bachelor of Arts, and extend over the usual period of four years, in each of which practical work in the laboratories is prescribed. Other subjects. of a general education are required in every year; and special importance is attached to facility in reading French and German, on account of the necessity for a knowledge of these languages on the part of anyone who intends to follow the progress of scientific research. After graduation in Arts, students who have

successfully pursued an honor course in any of the above sciences may enter upon a further two years' course of original investigation, which leads to the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

Department of Physics

The Physical Department at present, as already mentioned, occupies one wing of the main University building; but the accommodation there is proving insufficient, and steps have been taken for the erection of a separate building, exclusively for Physics, which, it is expected,

work, and to study the methods of research and the successive steps of scientific discovery as recorded in the English, American, and foreign journals of physical science. If he displays special aptitude, he is set to work at some new investigation. There are a series of elementary laboratories for students of the lower years, and special laboratories in heat, acoustics, optics, and electricity, besides a well-equipped workshop in charge of a mechanician, where most of the apparatus needed for research can be constructed. All necessary instruments for

will soon be commenced by the authority of the provincial Government. In the honor course in Physics, leading to a B. A. degree, the laboratory instruction of the first two years covers all the work of a general course in physics. In the third year, special subjects for experiments are taken up; and students are given practice in the use of laboratory instruments, photography, lathe work, glass blowing, soldering, silvering, and other means of making and repairing apparatus. In his fourth year the student is now sufficiently familiar with the use of all the instruments and appliances to be capable of entering upon some piece of research. He is encouraged to spend as much time as possible in laboratory

experiments and original work are in the laboratories, the collection of acoustical instruments being especially complete, including, as it does, all the best instruments manufactured by Dr. Koenig.

Department of Chemistry

The Chemical Department has occupied its own building since 1895. In it all branches of the science except applied chemistry are taught, and about 400 students are engaged in laboratory work. The larger of its two lecture rooms will accommodate 300 students, and the laboratories contain upwards of 200 working places. places. There are separate laboratories for qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis, organic preparations, physical