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Solution of the Mystery of the Deadly Slumber from which No Victim

Ever Awakes

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By PAUL ARR

IN THE KONGO the natives have for three years past been afflicted with a mysterious, deadly ailment, called the "sleeping sickness." The victim at first displays extreme drowsiness, and then is overcome by an incontrollable desire to sleep while at work or play. He falls asleep at his meals, and, when on a journey-no matter of how great importance-will lie down by the roadside and sleep until awakened. At length it becomes difficult to arouse him, then more difficult and still more difficult, until finally he sinks into the sleep from which there is no waking. No one stricken with the disease has ever recovered. It has wiped out whole towns and neighborhoods of the negroes during the three years of its terrible ravages. Scientists have gone from all parts of Europe to study the malady, but its origin has until very recently remained a deep mystery.

GLOSSINA PALPALIS.

These flies carry the fatal parasite. Reproduced from specimens in the South Kensington Museum.

Col. David Bruce, of the British Army Medical Corps, formerly stationed in Zululand, has discovered that the affliction is caused by the bite of a fly-the Tsetse fly, which Livingstone and other African explorers describe as creating so

much havoc among the horses of exploring expeditions in the Dark Continent. Until the recent outbreak of the disease, however, man was thought to rest secure from the terrible affliction. Now the fear

TRYPANOSOMA.

These parasites are carried by the tsetse fly, and deposited in sufferers, causing sleeping sickness.

has arisen that the ailment may become general among both the white and native inhabitants of Africa. Already the captain of a British vessel has met death from the disease, and several white residents of Uganda have been afflicted with the usual results. No living thing that has been bitten by the tsetse fly-save the immune ox-has ever recovered.

It has been found that it is not the actual bite of the fly that is poisonous, but the fly deposits in one animal a microbe-the Trypanosoma-which it has sucked from the blood of another animal. This same microbe is found in ordinary sewer rats of Chicago and New York, but has hitherto been regarded as harmless. In rats the Trypanosoma is revealed under the microscope to be a worm-like microbe which dashes about at an extraordinary rate, causing everywhere a violent commotion by the lashing of a whip which it possesses at its anterior end. Rats appear to treat this unruly parasite with indifference. No harm is known ever to have been caused by this

microbe in the rat. The tsetse fly in Africa is believed to get the microbe from large wild animals such as the koodoo, impala, and buffalo. It is known to inhabit all the regions where these animals are found. The fly is merely a go-between which carries the Trypanosoma from the African wild beasts, in which it seems to be harmless, to the domestic animal and human body, in which it causes unfailing death.

In animals the disease caused by the fly's bite is known as Nagana. In the

Busoga and Kavirondo shores of Lake Victoria. In the islands the mortality had been terrible. A laboratory was established at Entebbe, and study was begun. But the task was difficult, and the problem seemed no nearer solution when Colonel Bruce was despatched to investigate and elucidate the problem. With his wife, who had also accompanied him to Zululand, the Colonel soon discovered that the Trypanosoma was found in every case of the disease; it was not found in persons not suffering from the disease. It was present in the blood. Only a blood-sucker could put it there. Examination soon revealed the fly-a tsetse fly-differing but slightly from the old tsetse of Zululand. Natives were instructed to collect the flies, which soon

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vast area of the Gran Chaco, where the pampas of Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Brazil meet, the Trypanosoma of Mal de Caderas has swept tens of thousands of horses off the face of the earth; and in many regions the bandy-legged Gaucho bemoans the loss of his horse, whose place has been taken by the humble but immune ox. The Trypanosoma of Dourine is also universally fatal to horses.

The tsetse fly is supposed to have been brought to Uganda by Emin Pasha's followers after their relief by Stanley in the eighties. It gained such a foothold in so short a time, and created so much havoc among the natives, that the Royal Society sent out an expedition for the study of the malady. Inquiry showed that the area affected was principally along the

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began to arrive in packets by the hundreds every day. The geographical distribution of the fly was found to correspond exactly with that of the disease.

The Sphere, of London, in commenting on the discovery, says:

"The importance of these researches can scarcely be overestimated. We may still be a long way off the cure, but the cause is known. The harmless parasite of the rat has led to the discovery of others which have been shown to be the most deadly of all microbes that infect man and animals. Science may yet rid Uganda-perhaps the best of all our African possessions of this terrible curse which affects its inhabitants."

Extracts from Address Delivered at Second Annual Reception Tendered by Armour Institute of Technology to Students of the American School of Correspondence, June 17, 1904

By HON. JONATHAN P. DOLLIVER
Junior United States Senator from Iowa.

AM TO SPEAK for a little while upon the country in which we live, with a special reference to its present opportunities for young people to fight successfully the battle of life; and, if you will allow me, I intend to approach the subject through something specially suggested by the biography of the late President of the United States.

Every human life has an important significance. There are some lives lifted up so that all generations of men may see them and mark out the spirit and significance that lie in them; but the thing that I desire to speak of in connection with the life of William McKinley is the lesson that may be learned from such a man, who, without any outside assistance, without disturbing the institutions of society, made his way from an humble situation in life until, before he was sixty, he stood upon the highest eminence known among men.

There has grown up within our lifetime a school of thinkers and critics who teach that the world we are in is hardly fit to live in; and that, before the poor shall have a chance, it is first necessary to subvert the old institutions of society and bring in a new order of things-a benevolent régime. I like the life of McKinley because it rebukes this thought. I believe the longer I live, the less sympathy I have for the children of the poor. I am saving my sympathies now all that I have to spare-for the children of the rich.

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which has given to the world practically every important personage in history.

Emerson was right when he said that the only way to study the history of the world is to study the lives of the men who have made history. I tried this

method and started with the life of Napoleon, but I had not read ten pages before I came to the conclusion that he wasn't in our class at all!--that he was not a man, but a monstrosity, the like of which never got into the world before, and, fortunately for mankind, is not likely to again. I had the same experience in reading Carlyle's "Life of Oliver Cromwell." To this day I cannot pick that book up and mark the gulf which seems to be fixed between the man's preparation and what he did, without a strange sensation creeping over me that the story is not about a man at all. But when you come to the case of William McKinley everything looks reasonable. There is nothing but what almost anyone might have done. No one pretends that he ranked high as a student in school; no one pretends that he was an extraordinary soldier in the field. He went out as a private, and came back hardly more than private. I have always had a kind of satisfaction in the life of McKinley-that he died as he had lived, shoulder to shoulder with more than a million men in the United States. He was not a great lawyer. You cannot find a trace of any record connecting his name with any prominent case. He was not an extraordinary member of Congress. The thing that made more impression than anything else was the fact that no one seemed to envy him a single faculty that he had. He gained the po

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sition which he held in the House, not through any great act that he initiated, but by simply holding his place and rising to a position of leadership by reason of long service. To this day, while the sum of his achievements is great, there is no trace of a record connecting the name of McKinley with any extraordinary parliamentary proceeding. lived an average life, hardly appearing to have taken a single step that nearly every one else under favorable circumstances might not have taken. That is why I like the biography of McKinley-to answer every humbug philosophy of human life aiming to overthrow the institutions of society in order to give the poor a better opportunity. The Lord seems to have arranged this world in such a way that no one appears to amount to anything unless he does something, and no one does anything except those of us who have to; therefore the poor boy is the only boy who ever had a chance, or who ever can have a chance, to do anything. If you give a boy $50,000, you run the risk of simply ruining him for life. He is fully satisfied and does not start. He simply coils himself up on the door-mat, and it requires more than parental energy to kick him into the street. So I would suggest to you the propriety of keeping the two as far as possible out of each other's way. It will be better for the boy, and, in the long run, better for the $50,000. If there are girls in the family, why, of course, that is somewhat different. On account of the uneven way in which society has got itself divided, it is well to give the girls half of the money; but take the rest, and give it to some institution of learning that shall help to save the world; and let the boys fight the battle of life as you have fought it. ***

The law of human life is not a law of ease, not a law of deliverance of any kind. The law of human life is a law of labor, of sacrifice, of service; and that man renders this poor old world of ours a mean turn who tries to take away the means by which the strongest manhood is made.

A year or so ago I went to Kentucky to make a political speech; and when I got through, the boys said they wanted to entertain me. I thought they intended

to entertain me on peculiar Kentucky lines. I said, "Gentlemen, there is one thing in Kentucky I should like to see. Down on the edge of Hardin County there is a cabin in which the mother of Abraham Lincoln was living when he was born. I should like to visit that spot." We started; and the next day, toward sundown, we came to Hardin County, and I found myself standing, with hat in hand, in reverence before all that is left of that rude cabin which sheltered the infancy of the grandest man that ever lived in the most trying of times. That cabin is more roval than all the palaces of the earth. It did not shelter the child of a king; but there is something more royal than a king-it is a man. For hours I stood there; and I said to myself, "This is the American type of royalty." You can turn the pages of history and not find a name that does not have a background of poverty and hard work-from Washington down to our own times. Every one came up to that honor through the tribulations of poverty. William J. Bryan is no exception to that rule. He had a hard struggle in his younger days. He has served a good many years in the House of Representatives, where I have known him well, and I use him to illustrate the unlimited opportunity for young manhood in the United States. There, is a man hardly forty-five years old, who, without the help of money or influential connections of any kind, but by the unaided forces of his own character, has become the wellbeloved leader of millions in the United States.

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that He can trust us with. Perhaps that is why so many of us have so littlefighting a hard fight and winning a very modest victory. Maybe it is all for the best, though. The The accumulation of money seems to constitute what in general is regarded as a man's success in this world, but let me say to you to-night that my conviction is stronger than ever that it is not money or position that counts, but the faithfulness with which a man stands to the every-day business of life that lies along his pathway.

I went down to New York recently, and took occasion to see who it is down there that is doing the great business of the metropolis, our commercial capital. Before going, I put down the name of every one I had heard of, but, for fear I had not got them all, I asked a man who lived there to put down all he knew. I found that outside of a few decadent families rarely heard of except as they moved from one pleasure resort to another, there was hardly in New York City a man or a woman whose name was ever heard of, who was born there, except one -Theodore Roosevelt-and how he ever got away I never heard anyone say. With that one exception, every one of them seemed to have walked there from a farm somewhere. Tolstoi was right when he said that there is no possible strength of body, mind, or character that does not come up from the ground through the bare feet.

Before McKinley died I went with him through Iowa to the Dakotas, to meet the returning regiments of the Army. There were in the party six Senators of the United States, including those from Illinois and Iowa, seven or eight members of the House, all conspicuous in public life to-day. As we came to Iowa Falls, the President waked us all up. There were five thousand people waiting there in that early morning hour, to hear him speak; and it was as little as he could do, he said, to gratify them; so he said, "The rest of you have got to get up, too." He made one of the best speeches he ever

made, I believe, though it was never reported at all. After breakfast we all went back to the smoking car, when we noticed a peculiar smile on the President's face as he watched the antics of two boys by the roadside-two boys warming their feet by starting up the cows. The President said that one of the most delightful memories of his boyhood days was the luxury of warming his frost-bitten feet by scaring up the cows. "I wonder how many of you have had the same experience," he added. Beginning with John Hay, Secretary of State, who began his foot-warming in the woods of Ohio and finished on the plains of Illinois, every member of the President's Cabinet gave in the same testimony. Then followed the Governor of the State and the Senators-one after another-until the little experience meeting came to an end. So I was not surprised when I took my census of New York. Every great merchant, every noted lawyer, journalist, artist, architect, writer-every man and every woman conspicuous in any department of culture-all appeared to have walked into the town from some other place; and I made up my mind that I would never fail to bear a manly witness that this country is, and always has been, a poor boy's country.

Now and then a young man says, "What you say may have been true twenty-five years ago, but it is not so now." On the other hand, modern industrial methods in America, instead of shutting the doors of opportunity, have opened them in a thousand directions. Within twenty years every president of every great corporation will be dead, or in a sanitarium for nervous debility brought on by drawing his salary, and the directors will be running all over this world to find young men of trained ability to take up the failures and carry forward the great business enterprises of the modern world. And I say to you that there never before was a time when a man, taken by himself, stood for so much, and when a dollar stood for so little.

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