BACTERIOLOGY. Introduction to the Morphology of Bacteria. bacteria (spaltpilzen, schizomycetes of Nägeli) derstand a very large group of lower vegetable ms, morphologically very simple and uniform, but ically extraordinarily differentiated, which are so ted with both the lower algæ1 and fungi by tranforms that a sharp separation by an accurate definidifficult. Arthur Meyer emphasizes the relationship spore-forming varieties to the ascomycetes, in which pore-forming cells appear as asci. Indeed, bacteria a great resemblance to the simple flagellata, which ually conceived as animals. 2 following definition may at least serve the practical rements of experimental bacteriology. all unbranched cells, rarely more than 2, hardly ever in thickness, almost always without chlorophyl, spher 4 Recently we have learned that the green lower algæ also possess del colorless forms, which can be obtained from them by cultures erinck); compare also Ludwig, C. B. L. 11, 348. Compare Bütschli in Bronn's Klassen des Tierreiches, Bd. 1, Abt. Mastigophora. Regarding the branching forms nearly related to bacteria compare Practically, important bacteria with chlorophyl are unknown. the green tadpole bacillus (Kaulquappenbacillus) of J. Frenzel ⚫ be recognized as a bacterium (Z. H. x1, 207). There is more t as to the relation of Dangeard's Eubacillus multisporus to the ria (C. B. x, 745). L. Klein described colorless varieties with h-green spores (C. B. VII, 440). EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS A. H. Archiv für Hygiene. München. Oldenbourg since 1883. A. K. Arbeiten aus dem bakteriologischen Institut der techn. A. P. Jena. = Annales de l'Institut Pasteur. Paris. Masson since 1887. C. B. = Centralblatt für Bakteriologie und Parasitenkunde. Fischer. Since 1894 it has been divided into two parts. C. B. L. Centralblatt für die landwirtschaftlichen, phytopathologischen und zymotechnischen Anwendungen der Mikrobiologie. Hygienische Rundschau. Berlin. Since 1890. Z. H. Zeitschrift für Hygiene. Leipzig. Flügge Flügge: Die Mikroorganismen. H. R. = 1896. Veit since 1886. Heim Heim Lehrbuch der Bakteriologie. Second edition. Stuttgart, 1890. Kitt Kitt: Bakterienkunde für Tierärzte. Third edition. Wien, 1896. Zimmermann I and II O. E. R. Zimmermann: Die Bacterien unserer Trink- und Nutzwässer. Chemnitz, I, 1890; I, 1894. Migula, Schiz. Migula, Schizophyta. Separate reprint from "Die natürl. Pflanzenfamilien von Engler und Prantl." Leipzig, 1896. Migula, Sys. Migula, System der Bakterien. Volume 1, General Part. Jena, 1897. Eisenberg = Bakteriologische Diagnostik von James Eisenberg. Hamburg and Leipzig, 1891. Third edition. Lafar Lafar: Technische Mykologie. Volume I. Schizomycetengärungen. Jena, 1897. Günther Einführung in das Studium der Bakteriologie. Fifth edition. Leipzig, 1898. Zopf = Die Spaltpilze. Breslau. Third edition. The references to illustrations in the atlas are given thus: the Plates with Arabic, the Figures with Latin numerals. Thus, 5, VIII signifies Plate 5, Figure VIII. BACTERIOLOGY. A. Introduction to the Morphology of Bacteria. 1 By bacteria (spaltpilzen, schizomycetes of Nägeli) we understand a very large group of lower vegetable organisms, morphologically very simple and uniform, but biologically extraordinarily differentiated, which are so connected with both the lower algae and fungi by transition forms that a sharp separation by an accurate definition is difficult. Arthur Meyer emphasizes the relationship of the spore-forming varieties to the ascomycetes, in which the spore-forming cells appear as asci. Indeed, bacteria bear a great resemblance to the simple flagellata, which are usually conceived as animals. 2 The following definition may at least serve the practical requirements of experimental bacteriology. Small unbranched cells, rarely more than 2, hardly ever 3-5 pin thickness, almost always without chlorophyl, spher 1 4 1 Recently we have learned that the green lower algae also possess parallel colorless forms, which can be obtained from them by cultures (Beyerinck); compare also Ludwig, C. B. L. II, 348. 2 Compare Bütschli in Bronn's Klassen des Tierreiches, Bd. 1, Abt. II, Mastigophora. 3 Regarding the branching forms nearly related to bacteria compare p. 19. * Practically, important bacteria with chlorophyl are unknown. Yet the green tadpole bacillus (Kaulquappenbacillus) of J. Frenzel must be recognized as a bacterium (Z. H. XI, 207). There is more doubt as to the relation of Dangeard's Eubacillus multisporus to the bacteria (C. B. X, 745). L. Klein described colorless varieties with bluish-green spores (C. B. VII, 440). ical, rod, thread, or spiral in form, with no organs except flagella which are used for locomotion. Vegetative increase is by transverse, very rarely by longitudinal division. A series of varieties form roundish, endogenous resting spores; in others there have been, or asserted to have been, observed conidia-like formations (arthrospores). Other means of propagation have not been observed. Bacteria occur, so far as we know, only in the following forms, which were first perfectly named by H. Buchner: Spherical form (Kugelform) (a). Oval form (Ovalform) (b): length, at most 2 X the width. Long rods (Langstäbchen) (d): length, 4-8 × width. Thread forms (Fadenform) (e). Half screw (Halbschraube) comma (ƒ): a very short segment of a screw; at most, half the turn of a screw. Short screw (Kurzschraube) (g): a short turn of a screw. |