"He [the Man with the Hoe] is typical of a large portion of the French peasantry. If it should be that his kind is increasing, it is because his betters are not. It is not that his back is bent by centuries of toil. . . He is not the product of oppression. He is primitive, aboriginal. His lineage has always been that of the clown and the swineherd. The heavy jaw and slanting forehead can be found in the oldest mounds and tombs of France. . . . The lords and masters of the earth' can prove an alibi when accused of the fashioning of the terrible shape of this primitive man.

.. That he is 'chained to the wheel of labor' is the result, not the cause, of his impotence. He was not born oppressed. Heredity carries over -not oppression, but those qualities of mind or heart which invite or defy oppression. From 'the beaten members of the beaten races' we cannot count on breeding free-born men."

And war, by removing the best, the strongest, the noblest of the race, reverses the upward trend of evolution by selection and heredity. War selects the best of the breed for death; selects the "sons of scullions, stable-boys, slaves, camp-followers, and the riffraff" to beget the new generation. Rome collapsed because incessant wars had decimated the breed of real Roman men; Greece succumbed because the heroes of a hundred Thermopylæs, lying dead, left no issue of their loins. "Only cowards remained-people with guano in their composition,' says Emerson-and from their brood came forward the new generations." Thus Greece and Rome went down. Thus Spain lost its lead. Thus France, leaving nearly two millions of the flower of its youth on the Napoleonic battlefields, saw the average stature of its sons shrink steadily, saw the primitive "man with the hoe" multiply his kind. "because his betters were dead".

Dr. Jordan, the biologist, therefore inveighed with all the power of his

DAVID STARR JORDAN ON ONE OF THE FEW OCCASIONS WHEN HE WEARS A SILK HAT

"He cannot be squeezed into the mold of any type. He dislikes convention, dress coats, sham, and formality. Prim propriety is foreign to his nature."

intellect and personality against the mutual massacre of the best men of all nations; against the destruction of the best blood in war. He began his campaign in earnest after the Spanish war. So effectively did he carry it on that, in 1907, he was made director-inchief of the World Peace Foundation, the chieftainship of which he laid down only that the administrative details might not prevent him from going out on the firing line. Such great service did he render the cause of a better humanity that the trustees of Stanford University, of which he was president, anxious to give unto the world the largest measure of his leadership, yet unwilling to part entirely with his guidance, relieved him of routine duties and created for him the office of chancellor.

The outbreak of the world war found Dr. Jordan in Europe, investigating the consequences of the Balkan campaigns, lecturing from Constantinople to London on the biological effects of war. The catastrophe smashed his fondest hopes, but it could not break his indomitable spirit or shake his faith.

"We lost, but we were right!" he proclaimed on his return. And at once he prepared to pursue his campaign more vigorously than ever.

"We must make the young men [of the nations] feel a vital interest in the importance of abolishing the things and factors that make for war," he said. "In order to bring about permanent improvement, a better understanding among the nations, we must work for the spread of real democracy, for free trade, for the abolition of piracy at sea, against the use of a nation's diplomatic service or armed forces private enterprise. If we can make progress along these lines, the trade of the war-makers will surely decline.'

to foster

When posterity comes to take count of Dr. Jordan's services to the world, more than likely it will place, as his most distinctive achievement, his turn

But his whole life is a record of glorious achievement, of putting to the use of his fellow-men the facts learned in the laboratory.

David Starr Jordan was born in 1851 on a farm near Gainesville, New York. He turned to natural science as a duck takes to water. He was already a botanist of some reputation when Louis Agassiz at Cornell turned the young man's attention to the untilled field of ichthyology-or the science of fishes, the study of which, forty years ago, was sadly neglected. Before his thirtieth year, Dr. Jordan was recognized as the world's greatest authority on ichthyology. He has maintained that reputation ever since. No other scientist has contributed more valuable data to the world's knowledge of fishes; since the beginning of his research he has published more than four hundred technical and scientific books, treatises, and papers, and in the field of ichthyology he stands alone.

His studies of the salmon family's life history and habits became classic. Back in 1880 the farmers of Oregon and Washington were lifting salmon out of the creeks and rivers with pitchforks, as fertilizer for their fields. His influence put a stop to this. He has also shown the canners that these fishes do not necessarily return to the streams where they were born. By experiments, lasting over a period of many years, it was demonstrated that for a canner to put his plant in a certain stream with the expectation that all the fry born there would, in the course of time, return was likely to prove very costly. The erroneous belief on the part of many packers resulted in very heavy financial losses.

Thanks to the movement of which he was the pioneer, the decline in the size of the Pacific Coast salmon run has been practically arrested.

It may truthfully be said that every fish hatchery on the American continent is a monument to the value of