tends not to be thwarted by their opposition. | clergy herd together, and find in Rome and If the pope is to be retained at Rome, it is its iron organization not only a corporate deas a political necessity. The French occupa- fence, but a corporate respectability. The tion is a political and temporal matter, on greatest barrier to the pretensions of Hildewhich, if the bishops choose to entertain an brandine supremacy and to the universal opinion, they must express it as private gen- monarchy of the pope, was presented in the tlemen and citizens, not as a spiritual hic- local and corporate character, the landed rarchy. possessions, and the patriotic principles, of national churches. What the Papal Power, has always aimed at is the prostration of national churches; and the French Revolution, and the consequent spoliation of Church property, played the high Roman game. The Gallican liberties fell when the Gallican Church lost its corporate character; and though both the first Napoleon and Louis Philippe desired to administer the Church on the old Gallican principles, they failed because the clergy, poor, illiterate, and subservient, had sunk their patriotism in a caste. A caste, from the nature of the case, has no patriotism. It is a current running through social life, but not mixing with it. A caste has special interests. It would rule all men, interpose in all relations, direct, subvert, mould, and control the state, the family, public life and private life, political and domestic concerns, but only as a power ab extra. A caste has no sympathies, no affections, no personal ties to either country or family hearth. It claims to be of heaven and it certainly is not of earth. Ceasing to have any national interests, the foreign clergy have become a caste. Not that a caste may not have politics, only its politics are not patriotic. Not only the rise and progress, but the actual, extent of Ultramontane ideas among the French clergy, is a matter of interesting inquiry. It would seem that the old Gallican party is by no means so completely extinguished among the descendants of Bossuet as we are apt to imagine in England. It would naturally survive, if at all, among the country, clergy; and that it does exist, the mere fact of the Decree seems to show. Strong as the emperor may feel himself to be, he could hardly afford to break with the whole body of clergy at a single blow. French Ultramontanism, to be sure, is scarcely half a century old; and its rise may be readily accounted for. Severed for their old connection with the property and territorial influences of France, stripped of endowments, and, from the nature of the case, taken from the lower classes, the new generation of clergy who followed upon the Revolution were very different both in social position and in tendencies from the polished clerical gentlemen whose chief glory was to be Frenchmen. The clergy of the empire and the Restoration took up with extreme views of the Papal Supremacy because their connection with Rome was their sole nobility. The clergy became a caste from In all this we may perhaps read a lesson for two opposite causes-when they are very rich ourselves. The notion that the English clergy and powerful, and when they are very poor can ever degenerate into a caste might, it and contemptible. It was for the latter rea- would seem, be dismissed as chimerical. The son that the French clergy lost their Gallican Thirty-nine Articles and Protestantism, it and assumed their Ultramontane character. will be said, are, of course, a sufficient safePoverty, a low social position, a confined and guard against such danger. But doctrine merely professional education-these drive has little or nothing to do with the matter. men together. All the consequence and in- That which has made the Church of England fluence which a degenerated clergy can pos- what it is, and its clergy such faithful represess must come from their corporate, not sentatives of public opinion, and so completely their personal, character. The pure tyranny identified with all patriotic interests, is the of Rome thrives best with a generation of im- social connection which the Church in its poverished ecclesiastics; and sacerdotal pre- landed possessions, its common education, tensions are always the highest when the and its family ties, maintains between the clergy have neither land nor endowments. clergy and the responsible classes. If it The rise of Papal pretensions during the pres- should ever come to pass that the English ent half-century has been the result of the clergy, like those of France and Spain, are temporal depression of the continental taken chiefly from the lower ranks-if the Churches. Flung on their own resources, the, clerical education is to be that of seminaries the high education, the endowments, and the superior social position of the English clergy. These things are now menaced. If the Eng instead of the old universities—if the clergy | interests of religion, is in the same direction. can no longer associate on equal terms with What has hitherto kept us from these evils is the educated and moneyed classes, they will soon be a caste, though they may believe in justification by faith and renounce the pope. And they will, as a caste, be just as well dis-lish Church is to sink in social station, it will posed as any French bishops or Irish priests to intrude spiritual authority into public and private matters. The Free Church in Scotland, and what are called the political Dissenters in England, only exhibit the spirit of Ultramontanism under another form. The tendency of Evangelicalism in cramping the intellect, in repressing inquiry, in dictating in the relations of private life, and in its constant attempts to direct political and temporal matters by what it chooses to consider the not be the first time in history that a mendicant clergy have appeared as apostles of socialism; and if, with our clerical endowments cut down and subdivided and exhausted, and our parsons recruited from the cheap colleges, a dangerous class-dangerous alike to the state and to true liberty- should appear among the clergy themselves, it will be from the operation of the very same causes to which the rise of Ultramontanism on the Continent may be traced. The Southern Monthly Magazine. (Auckland R. J. Creighton and A. Scales.)-THIS is the fifth number of the New Zealand magazine, whose appearance we have already mentioned and welcomed. In literary merit it seems equal to most of its colonial brethren; and, from the nature of a large portion of its contents, the publication affords valuable reading to the intending emigrant. "Waitara and the Native Question," for instance, "On Maori Courage," "Out-buildings and Kitchen-Gardens," and "A Landed Aristocracy for Northern New Zealand," are all treated ably and sensibly. It is true the last named is called by the author "A Day Dream;" but it appears to us a dream which any moneyed younger son, with brains as well as a pedigree, might very soon realize for himself to the very letter. Of lighter articles we have sundry very readable poems; "A Monthly Literary Review," containing some pertinent remarks on a few of our own literary dons; a tale called "What Became of Him?" in six chapters, and "The Consequences of a Day with the Harriers" in four. We wish the Southern Romanizing in Music. From the Musical Standard. (11 and 20 Paternoster Row. Pp. 8.)-THE tone of this clever brochure may be gathered from the following: "First, a paltry candle is placed, with a mean semblance of utility, upon the altar; then the chants are modified-again with the plea of usefulness-upon the Gregorian plan. At first, of course, a tunable relic is selected from the dust of ages, which is lauded, reiterated, and adopted as a stock-piece, soon to be followed by a crude train of imperfections. One thing strikes us as being very inexplicable while the Romanizers of our Church are doing their utmost to depreciate music, and thus render it distasteful, the Catholic Church itself is keenly alive to the charms of musical excellence. What can surpass the grandeur, the beauty, and variety of Mozart and Haydn, Hummel and Beethoven, in their compositions for the Mass? Why do not our Romish clergy give us some of these glorious pieces? It is not Gregorian music that these Romanizing parsons care for in reality; they regard it as part and parcel of the formula which involves the Censer, the Host, and the Confessional in its soul-enslaving fascination."-Reader. be glad to hear that the only sermon he left behind him-one, perhaps, preached more than first time in the last number of the Journal of once in his pretty Selborne-is printed for the Sacred Literature. It was written in 1748, when the Natural Historian was only twenty-eight years old, and preached, seemingly, for the last The text is 1 John, iv. 20, "He that says he time in 1792, only eight months before his death. loves God, but hateth his brother, is a lyar, for, ALL who love the memory of Gilbert White will if he loves not his brother whom he hath seen, "He prayeth well who loveth well The sermon is communicated by the grand- From The Examiner. observance of the ceremonies of the Roman By Catholic Church, and some of its miracles. “Our Lady” of Rimini having a formidable is not stated that the last-named Virgin is rival in "Nostra Senora de Guia," though it given to winking. She is a great friend to the working classes, and even extends her favors to culprits, if they are only pious. How this class are treated in Manilla was seen at the Presidio, or public prison, where the convicts' appetites appear to be as well cared for as at Portland, though they are not treated in other respects quite so tenderly. "In the store-room I saw some link chains for the prisoners, weighing from four up to ten pounds. I observed that all was kept in a to the prisons. The bedrooms consist of two model way as to cleanliness, from the kitchen oblong rooms, running at right angles; the men sleep on a platform raised about two feet from the ground, slightly inclined, with a block of wood for a pillow-perhaps you may say a suitable one for their hardened hearts, to All the prisoners are chained together in pairs, cause reflection, and, we'll hope, repentance. 80 A Lady's Visit to Manilla and Japan. Anna d'A. Hurst and Blackett. THE author of this work, which is of very slight texture, aims at little more than conveying her impressions of the places she saw during a brief visit last year to the capital of the Philippine Islands, and to two or three of the ports of Southern Japan. What she has been able to record is, however, pleasantly written, and will afford both amusement and information. Her point of departure was Hong Kong, and in three days the steamer which conveyed herself, her husband, and their infant child, brought up in the harbor of Manilla. The first thing that attracted her attention was the number of houses ruined by the agency of fire, the month of March in which she arrived being" the season" for that scourge. Two causes were assigned for this periodical visitation; the first, that as it was the grand festal period of the year the houses were burnt for plunder by those of the natives who were too poor to buy the gay clothes and ornaments in which they delight to array of the other. that the actions of one must influence those At the foot of each man's couch themselves; and the second, that the confla- poles are placed about ten feet apart, upon grations were caused by the dealers in wood, which the jailer suspends their chains, so that who, having too much bamboo in stock, were the men on guard are immediately aware of anxious to raise the price of that article,the slightest movement. They are fed very expedicnt which, if true, does not say much well; their meals regulated as follows: for the commercial morality of the Manilla and a similar sized one of rice; at eight, rice six A.M., they have a large tin can of coffee merchants. The city, notwithstanding this and fish; twelve, rice and meat; and, finally, disadvantage, is described as well laid out, for the evening, at six, rice and meat again. and containing numerous fine buildings, with If any prisoner makes his escape, and is rehandsome promenade or boulevards, called the taken, he has the letter F affixed to his back, Calçada, whither in Spanish fashion the but if caught in the act of trying to escape he gay world of Manilla resort in fine carriages and has only CF. Those who try to avoid labor decked out in all the colors of the rainbow. have a large monkey, made of red cloth, by purposely cutting and maiming themselves, The females of the lower class are simpler in patched on the back of their dress; monkey, their ordinary costume, which consists of a in the Tagalo language, is called 'chongo,' loose thin jacket and long skirt fastened round and is the most contemptuous epithet you can the waist, and as they wear no under-gar-bestow on a native of these parts-being as ments, this dress is well adapted to a climate repugnant to his feelings as the term swar,' where the temperature frequently varies from or pig, is to a Mussulman of India." eighty-five degs. to one hundred degs. of Fahrenheit. Their Sunday attire is, however, as gaudy as their means will enable them to make it, and besides a gayly embroidered pena, or shawl, they all wear, suspended from their necks, a piece of red cloth, whereon is represented in needlework a picture of the Virgin and Child, or some particular saint, as a charm against evil spirits. All nations inoculate their colonies with their own customs. In Manilla, the Spaniards have imported the close -an At The Manilla cheroot being a celebrity, we have a description of the place and manner of its manufacture : "The building is very extensive, covering six acres, in a quarter of the town called Binondo, and was erected about the year 1782. They employ in this establishment ten thousand women, and three hundred men, the wages of each being thirty cents done by manual labor; and to us, so used to per day. As they have no machinery, all is the former in Europe, the latter process seemed slow. The building contains four with two rings at one end, one standing in a galleries, each being divided into two or three compartments. You walk down the middle of these galleries, where, at long, low tables on each side, the women work, seated upon mats placed on the ground. The noise is very deafening, for each female is provided with a stone, about the size of a large lemon, with which she beats the leaves continually, reminding one of cooks beating beefsteaks. When the coat' is thus prepared, they put a quantity of small chopped-up tobacco in the centre, a little gum on one edge, and then roll it very adroitly till it assumes the desired form, after which the small end is neatly tapered off.” Besides superstitious rites the Spaniards have introduced cock-fighting. This" amusement" was witnessed by the author's husband, during a short excursion into the interior, at a place called Tanauan, and here is his account of it : vertical and the other in a horizontal position. The vertical ring is placed on the natural spur of the cock, and the horizontal over the fifth claw. The blade, which is very sharp, being sheathed in a leathern case, was withdrawn when both were ready, and the fowls rushed at each other with all their fury. The blades were too deadly to allow the combat to be prolonged very much. The white cock proved to be the better soldier of the two. Very adroitly did he manage to elude every stroke his adversary aimed at him, till, choosing his time in quite a sagacious manner, he seized a favorable opportunity, and wounded his antagonist in the breast, which made the speckled one, a large bird, stagger and shake convulsively; but quickly recovering, and maddened with pain, he flew at the white cock, and inflicted a slight wound in the right wing-a desperate blow, but one that cost him heavily. By no means disabled, the white cock now aimed his spur straight at the stomach of the spec"The cock-pit at Tanauan is situated near kled one, stabbed him, till he bled profusely, the gateway at the entrance to the village. and, perfectly exhausted, fell down and died, We entered the grounds and walked to the after a few struggles. Loud and repeated small hut, built of wood, in the shape of a cheers proclaimed the termination of the circus having an arena for the games, round game; and when these had subsided, the which was a low railing of bamboo, to sep- president formally declared the white cock arate the actors from the audience. The conqueror of the field. I could not stay to umpire, on this occasion, was the priest of see a repetition of this scene, but left the the village, a Tagalo of about forty; and place disgusted at the cruel sight I had witthis, I am told, is frequently the case. The nessed. As I passed through the grounds parishioners like their priest as president, attached to the cock-pit, I saw, to my horand I suppose the priest likes the occupation. ror, that already, though life was not yet A heap of silver dollars was on the table quite extinct, the poor speckled combatant, close by him, and at each end two vice-pres- lately so furious and active, was actually idents were seated, one of them very ener- being plucked to serve as a meal that day getic in trying to induce the people to bet, for his master and family." by bawling out, at the top of his voice, the name of the favorite cock in the ring, while the other was busily occupied in drawing up his ledger. On a given signal, two cocks were brought out-one a small white one, and the other speckled. The bets being five to one in favor of the former, the president called out, Sacuti! (white) sacutí has the "Would you like an egg from under the highest bets! Bet on! bet on for the spec- fowl?' asked our host, in Spanish. Under kled! The game now commenced. Two the fowl!' echoed I, what do you mean?' men, each holding one of the combatants''Oh,' replied the man, his broad, dark face in his hands, endeavored to rise their rage by expanding into a smile, I offered you what allowing them to peck each other's combs. we Tagolas think a great treat, a half-hatched This done, they held them by their tails, egg. I have some now under a hen, quite fit and, suffering them to approach quite close for eating. When I take these away I put to each other, withdrew them again, so as to more under her, so that we have a capital aggravate and irritate them as much as pos- succession.' 'But surely,' said my husband, sible. But now the full force of the game amused as much as I at this strange taste, has to come on. The president significs it is this kind of game cannot last forever-does time to leave off trifling, and begin in earnest. it not tire the hen?' Ah, si, si, senor; Accordingly, a steel spur is fastened to the but then, after taking away her eggs three or right spur of the cock, which is purposely four times, I leave others for her to hatch, kept short. It is like a miniature sword, and then commence with another fowl.'" As the Manilla people cannot make their hens fight, they work them in another way. At Banadéro, when the party sat down to breakfast on hard-boiled eggs, rice, and chocolate, they learned in what manner. 6 The authoress, not having seen the remarkable volcano of Mayon, about six leagues from Manilla, has little more to say of the island of Luzon, and a few pages further on we find her at Macao, where, somewhat unnecessarily, we are treated to the biography of the poet Camoëns, apropos of his grotto in the garden that bears his name in the Portuguese settlement. Shanghae is next visited, and a custom called "chin-chilling," which we do not remember to have read of before, is described as follows: quainted is related of the customs of the inhabitants. Some remarks on dress and personal adornment are such as might be expected from a female chronicler : "The Japanese women are in general much better-looking than the Chinese, the eye less elongated, and the whole expression of the face more open and free from cunning. There are many, however, whose faces proclaim their Chinese origin, the offspring, probably, of some of those intermarriages which occasionally take place. Their headdresses and hair, which are objects of especial attention, "A portion of the compound belonging to are generally arranged after a very elaborate the house we resided in having been sold to a fashion, and when disposed to their entire Chinaman for building purposes, he began satisfaction, are not disturbed again for a day very actively to uproot the trees, measure out or two. The pillow of which they make use the ground, and fill the space near the gate is admirably adapted for keeping the wellwith bricks and mortar, not forgetting, how-greased and pasted tresses in order. It is ever, previous to commencing operations, cer- made of wood, and reminded us, at first sight, tain formal proceedings which are generally of a good-sized stereoscope. The head rests gone through, and which we watched with on a small roll of linen or paper, like a sauconsiderable interest and amusement. As the sage in size, which they place at the top, and laborers chalked out the line of demarcation, one would imagine that a stiff neck next a tray, on which certain comestibles were morning must be the result of sleeping on arranged, was placed on the ground. A piece such an unrefreshing pillow. As we are all, of boiled pork stood in the centre, and on however, creatures of habit, they most probone side a boiled chicken, the whole body of ably prefer that to which they have been which was covered with a kind of saffron-accustomed. The men, likewise, have their colored dye, with its head pressed under the two wings, which were brought forward, having a few long feathers left sticking out at each end, so as to present a most ludicrous appearance when they were united above the fowl's head, more especially as some were also suffered to remain unplucked from the tail. A coarse-looking fish occupied the dish on the other side of the pork, and a number of small cups were arranged in front, containing a yellowish-looking liquid, called Samshu, which, we were told, was made from rice, and is, I believe, very potent in its effects. Besides these there were other dishes, or, more properly, saucers, filled with different kinds of mixtures, and a basket, which was placed on one side, containing a number of pieces of paper, silver gilt, to represent the sycee. This is what they term chin-chilling' the ground, and is an offering to their deity, by which, in their belief, they secure themselves from any accident or harm during the time they are employed in the erection of the house. After leaving the viands thus exposed for a few hours, they set to work and eat them." From Shanghae the authoress proceeded to Nagasaki, and was greatly charmed by the beauty of the scenery there and the luxuriance of the vegetation: the town itself also came in for its share of approbation, but little with which we were not previously ac hair dressed only once in the twenty-four her |