commercial policy, 105ff.; to 1700,

106 ff.

during 18th century, 109ff.

internal and coastwise, 113f., 143,
152, 482.

during Revolution, 172f.

Confederate States of America, 391ff.
Conference of Governors, 656.

Congress :

Continental, 151, 162, 173, 175.
under Articles of Confederation,
177f.

to Civil War, 262ff.

since Civil War, 624ff.

assistance to foreign, 639ff.

Bureau of Foreign and Domestic,
640.

Constitutional provisions affecting
control of, 184.
Department of, 640ff.

in American vessels, 243ff.
during Napoleonic Wars, 249ff.

on Great Lakes since Civil War,
482.

See also Exports; Domestic com-

merce;

Foreign markets;

Im-

ports; Enumerated articles;
Coastwise Trade.

Commerce Court, 468.

Commerce, domestic,

in colonies, 113ƒ.

to Civil War, 228f., 245, 312, 317,

321, 325.

since Civil War, 482.

Connecticut River, 5.
Conservation:

economic, 655ff.

industrial, 655ff.
of man power, 656.

of natural resources, 411.

National Conservation Commission,

Constitution, United States,

struggle for ratification, 180ff.
economic factors in, 184.

amendments to, 184, 515, 602.

Constitutions, States, 344ƒ.

Continental army, 162.

Continental Congress, First, 151.
Continental Congress, Second, 162,
173, 175.

Continental system, 249f.
Cooke, Jay, 455, 500.

Cooperage industry, importance in
colonies, 88.

Coöperation:

in colonies, 64, 72.

farmers, 425f.

Copper:

resources, 14ƒ.

production, 15, 405, 406.
mining of, in colonies, 93.

Cordillera Mountains, 1, 2, 4, 5.
Corn Laws, 106ff.

Corn:

importance of, to colonies, 10.
production of, 18.

cultivation of, by Indians, 58.
in south, 228.

in middle west, 229ff.

in New England, 233.
Kaffir, 433.

production during Civil War, 382.
since 1870, 621f.

Cornbury, Lord, quoted, 143.

Cornell, Ezra, 334.

Coronado, Francisco, 41, 57.

Corporations, 518f.

Cortez, Hernando, 37.
Cost of living:

during Civil War, 385., 398.
and profits of monopoly, 531.
since Civil War, 606ff., 672ff.

Cotton:

adaptability to south, 10.
colonial production, 90f.

effect of Industrial Revolution on,
220f.

effect of invention of cotton gin on,
169f., 223ff.

and westward movement, 224f.
growth of production during Civil
War, 391 ff.

culture under slavery, Chap. XVI.
production since Civil War, 445ff.,
622.

by-products of, 565.

value of crop, 20, 223f.
Sea Island, 20, 221.

Cotton gin, 169f., 221ff.

Cotton manufacture, 275f., 565, 568.
Council of National Defense, 682ff.
Coxe, Tench, 99.

Credit Mobilier, 459, 500.

Creeks, 189, 191.

Crime of '73, 500.

Crimean War, 259.

Crises. See Panics.

Critical period:

175f.

weakness

of central government

Declaratory Act, 149.

Deere, John, 234.

Delaware and Chesapeake Canal, 322
Delaware and Raritan Canal, 322.
Delaware Bay, settled by Dutch, 44-
Delaware River, 5.
Democracy:

in Dutch colonies, 45.
in England, 272.

in Revolution, 163ƒ.

in formative period, 344ff.

Democratic party, platform of 1896,
418ff.

Department of Agriculture, 433-

Department of Commerce, 640.

Department of Labor, 640.

Depreciation, during Revolution, 1747

Depressions, economic:

preceding Revolution, 140, 148, 149.
152.
agricultural, 416ff.
of 1815-19, 304.
of 1837, 302.

of 1867, 303.
of 1861, 381.

of 1873, 499f., 652.
of 1893, 503f.
of 1907, 507f.
of 1914, 678.

of 1920-21, 689ff.

Derby, Elias Hasket, 173, 244
Desert Land Act, 438.

De Tocqueville, Alexis, quoted, 587.

Dominican Republic, 631f.

Dongan, Governor, 86.

Douglas, Stephen A., 374, quoted, 624.
Drake, E. L., 384, 525.

Drake, Sir Francis, 36, 104.

Dred Scott decision, 374.

Drew, Daniel, 460.

Drugs, in medieval commerce, 28.
Dry farming, 441f.

Dunbar, Seymour, quoted, 326.
Dutch colonies, 43ff.

Dutch East-India Company, 43, 85.
Dutch West-India Company, 43f., 89.
Dutch settlers, 157.
Dyestuffs:

importance in medieval commerce,
28.

after World War, 581.

England:

colonial policy of, 95ff., 105ff., 141ff.
colonization by, 46ff.

contest with France for America,
134f., 148.

renewed imperialism after 1763, 148.
and American Revolution, Chap.
VIII.

relations, during critical period, 176ff.
industrial revolution, 269.

relations with United States, during
Napoleonic Wars, 246ff.

War of 1812, 251ff.

relations with United States, during
Civil War, 260, 382, 391ff.
merchant marine of, 257.

as a market for American products,

102.

"enumerated" articles, 97, 142ff., 148.
Entail, 53, 163.

Erie Canal, 318, 319ff., 480.

Erie Railroad, 328, 388, 460, 480, 504.
Esch-Cummins Act, 477f., 684.
Evans, Oliver, 274, 316, 325.
Excess profits tax, 681.
Expediting Act, 467, 536.
Exploration:

inventions aiding, 27.
motives for, 31ff.
Explorations:

Dutch, 43ff.

English, 34, 46ƒƒ.

French, 34, 41ff.
Portuguese, 32ff.

Spanish, 33, 38ff., 136ƒ.
Exports:

colonial, 106ff., 141ff., graph, 150,
152f.

See also Colonial Commerce; Colo-
nial Regulations; Enumerated
Articles; Mercantilism; Raw Ma-
terials.

during critical period, 423f.
until Civil War, 244ff.

during Civil War, 382, 391ff., 394f.
since 1860, 634ff.

during World War, 688f.
See also Commerce.

Expositions:

Factory system:

F

colonial beginnings, 89.
introduction of, 272ff.
development, 272ff.
Failures:

bank, 381, 690.
canal, 324f.

railroads, 303, 499f., 503f.
in 1861, 381.

in 1919-1921, 690.
Fairfield, Conn., 161.
Fairs, 238, 382.

Fall line, cities of, 3.
Fall River, Mass., 102.
Faneuil, Peter, 75 note.

Far East, trade with, 185, 645ff.
Farmers' elevators, 426.

Farmer-Labor party, 603, 605.
Farmer's movements.

tural Unrest.

See Agricul-

Farming. See Agriculture.
Farming, scientific:

unknown in colonies, 62, 71.
introduction of, 236, 440ff.

Farm implements:

Indian, 60.
colonial, 62.

to Civil War, 233ff.

Farm Loan Associations, 437.
Farm Loan Banks, 436ff.
Farm machinery, 233ff., 426ff.

Farm mortgages, 415., 424, 437f.,
445f.

Farnsworth, Ephraim, 334.

Federal Council of the Churches of

Christ in America, 665.

Federal Farm Loan Banks, 436ff.
Federal Reserve Banking system, 436,

Hamilton's plan, 296ƒƒ.
Financing:

of the Revolution, 173ff.
of Civil War, 691ff.
of World War, 678ff.

Financial crises. See Depressions;
Panics.

First United States Bank, 298.
Fisheries:

before settlement of United States,
9, 37.

colonial, 10, 86ff.

effect of the Revolution on, 176.
development of, 262.

present importance of, 22f.
Fitch, John, 186, 316.
Fite, E. D.:

cited, 381, 382, 386.
quoted, 392, 394.
Flax, 90.

Flint, Timothy, quoted, 202.
Florida, purchase of, 619.
Flour milling:

westward extension, 231.
roller process, 449.

Flying Cloud, 257.

Food:

native to America, 8, 61.
imported, 61f.

raising of, 445, 449.
Frye, W. P., 642.
Fuel control, 683.

Fulton, Robert, 316f., 257, 271.
Funding Act of 1790, 175.
Fur trade:

impetus to colonization, 37.
importance to colonists, 83ff.
English rivalry with France, 85f.
influence on westward movement,
85f.

French, 41ff., 85ƒ.

Dutch, 44, 85f.

in Plymouth, 49.

in 18th century, 108.

Furniture industry, colonial, 94f.

Genoa, Italy, 29ff.

in Spanish colonies, 39.

search for, as a motive for coloni-
zation, 37.

discovery of, in California, 210, 454.

discovery of, in Colorado, 403f.

production of, 15ƒ.

discovery of, in Alaska, 507.
See also Currency.

Gold reserve, 501ff.
Gold standard, 506.
Golden Gate, 4.

Gompers, Samuel, 596, 603, 605, 685.
Gorges, Sir Fernando, 50, 51.
Gosnold, Bartholomew, 9.
Gould, Jay, 460.

Gould system of railroads, 470.
strikes in, 592.

Government aid. See Subsidy.
Government ownership of railroads,
474ff.

Government regulation of business,
652ff.

of industry, 652ff.

of railroads, 465ƒƒ., 473f.

Grain:

Great Western, 257, 271.

tions, Iof.

George, Henry, 533.

George III., of England, 145.

Georgia:

settlement, 52.

Greenback movement and party, 415f.,

497 ff., 604.

Greenbacks:
issue, 493ff.
redeemed, 501f.
See Currency.
Gregory Lode, 384.