indicates that anesthesia is not properly taught and, consequently poorly learnt, in our colleges. The remaining articles are all good-some even more worthy of mention than those we have alluded to above.

Hints on the Voice in Giving Commands. By S. S. CURRY, Ph.D., Litt.D., Author of Mind and Voice, etc. School of Expression, Book Department, Copley Square, Boston, Mass.

Doctor Curry recommends officers to feel their voice easily and naturally increasing the active retention of breath in the middle of the body; to expand the chest harmoniously and sympathetically; to stand tall; to keep the throat relaxed and open; to study surprises, exclamations, laughter, etc. etc.

Clinical Diagnosis. Fourth edition, revised and reset. A Manual of Laboratory Methods by JAMES CAMPBELL TODD, Ph.B., M.D., Professor of Pathology, University of Colorado. 12mo. of 687 pages, with 232 text illustrations and 12 colored plates. W. B. Saunders Company, London and Philadelphia, 1918. Cloth, 14s. net.

The plates and illustrations together with the very full and clear description of methods make this an ideal work for one wishing to do the greater part of his own laboratory work and especially for the general practitioner who may be at an inconvenient distance from a large laboratory.

Modern Operative Bone Surgery, with special reference to the Treatment of Fractures. By CHARLES G. Geiger, M.D. 120 illustrations. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Co. 1918. While reparative surgery by flap methods was known and practised four thousand years ago (Ebers Papyrus, B.C. 1055) the use of the autogenous bone transplant became possible only with Lister's discoveries. With Ollier's and Macewen's investi

gations regarding the reproduction of bone, and with the combination of these by Krause, of Germany.

The extended use of such methods is not older than the airplane.

Dr. Geiger, who was closely associated with the late John B. Murphy in his work, and who dedicates his book to that most original of American surgeons, deals only autogenous bone grafts, believing with Groves a living bone of the same species gives much quicker, stronger and more certain results than dead bone or from that taken from any other species. No endorsation is given to the employment of non-absorbable material in the internal fixation of fractures or other allied conditions.

Instead we have this somewhat dogmatic declaration "All foreign materials should be condemned and their use be discontinued."

The work before us begins with a careful and up-to-the-hour study of the histology of repair in cartilage periosteum and bone, and of the function and fate of the transplant. Then follows a description of the electrical and other instruments, from motors to skids, which the author has found to be useful in this department of surgery. Sliding grafts, inlays and dowels are then considered and their relative advantages pointed out.

The selection of cases for open treatment and the preferable time for operation follows. Then special fractures and lastly orthopedic conditions and tubercular bone diseases are discussed.

The book as a whole reflects the work of our clinic, but that clinic was a great one, and it is worthy of close study by all surgeons who attempt to do modern surgery as it relates to the bony system.

An International System of Ophthalmic Practice. Edited by WALTER L. PYLE, M.A., M.D., Philadelphia, Medical Ophthalmology by ARNOLD KNAPP, M.D., Professor of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, Philadelphia.-P. Blakiston's Son & Co.

Of all the branches of Medical Science none begin to compare with Ophthalmology in the number of obscure medical problems which are met with the ophthalmologist must be above all a

first-class internist, if his patients are to receive intelligent treatment. A diagnosis of the anatomical condition is comparatively easy, but with such diagnosis, one's troubles are just commencing the pathological cause is still to be discovered. Dr. Knapp endeavors to aid us in reaching this latter. In these days when we are just beginning to recognize the manifold manifestations of the various infections, one turns to the chapter on this subject, and is not disappointed in finding it treated with discernment and discrimination. An old pupil of Moorfields, the reviewer wishes to record his pleasure in coming across an American book which gives due prominence to the work and observations of the British School of Ophthalmology-a school characterised by accuracy of observation and sanity and soundness of judgment.

Forced Movements, Tropisms, and Animal Conduct. By JACQUES LOEB, M.D., Ph.D., Sc.D., Member of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. Cloth. Price $2.50 net. Pp. 209. J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia and London.

This is the initial volume in a new series of monographs on experimental biology. It is the aim of the monograph to show that animal conduct can be investigated by the quantitative methods of the exact sciences, and that these methods lead to the forced movement or tropism theory of animal conduct. Experiments are described showing that the effect of various forms of energy is to produce reactions that depend upon certain physical conditions which may be controlled by the experimenter. The forced orientation of plants by outside sources of energy has long been known as tropism; and the theory of animal conduct based upon the behavior to outside stimulation has therefore been designated the tropism theory of animal conduct. The book summarizes the work of many years in a clear and concise style and should be read by everyone interested in the study of botany, zoology, or general physiology.

In reference to Chapter IV, dealing with galvanotropism in the crayfish, it might be pointed out that Loeb explains the

movement of the crayfish towards the anode by the stimulation of the neurones of one group of muscles. These neurones he assumes to be in a condition of catelectrotonus. He further assumes an anatomical arrangement of the neurones of flexor and extensor muscles which has never been established. It has been shown by F. R. Miller, of the Western University, that the movement of the crayfish towards the anode takes place with a weaker current than is necessary to produce the postures described by Loeb. Therefore, the postures cannot be the cause of the movement. The cause of the movement, according to Miller, is to be found in a negative electrical charge borne by the animal. It has also been shown by Miller that the animal could be forced to the opposite pole by placing it in a strong solution of sodium chloride, thereby replacing the negative charge by a positive charge. The postures described by Loeb may be explained by the fact that differences in the strength of stimulation produce different postures, e.g., a weak stimulation of the limb produces opening of the claw whereas a strong stimulation produces closure. The postures, thereforeare not the cause of the movement to the anode, and the explanation which Loeb gives involves a double hypothesis and ignores the fact that such postures can be produced by varying the strengths of the stimuli.

The "Wellcome" Wellcome" Photographic Exposure Record. A distinguished member of the Royal Photographic Society said of the 1918 edition, "The book improves every year, and whoever originally invented the Exposure Calculator deserves the combined thanks of the photographic world" And now Burroughs Wellcome & Co. have produced another edition, that for 1919, in which there is an improvement where it seemed least possible. The calculator is better than ever. As of old, by one turn of one scale, it tells the exact exposure for any subject at any time of the day and year, but better than ever the correct exposure appears opposite each stop. This is the position when we are using practically all the popular special rapid plates and roll films. If we are using slower plates or faster plates a second slight movement of the same scale gives the

correction for the alteration in speed and again opposite each stop is the correct exposure.

Many thousands of photographers have used this calculator for at least ten years, and its reliability and simplicity have been the subject of universal approval. Now without complication it has been most ingeniously improved and in fact perfected.

As with their chemicals so with their publications it is obvious that the policy of Burroughs Wellcome & Co. is persistently progressive, and the difficulties created by the war appear to act on them as a stimulant rather than a deterrent.

Clinical Medicine for Nurses. By PAUL H. RINGER, Asheville Mission Hospital, Asheville, N.C. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Company.

Ringer has attempted for the American nurses what Chalmers Watson has for the British. The main points dwelt upon are symptoms and their significance; complications and their detection, in so far as the nurse is concerned. There is no doubt that many nurses, obliged as they are to spend three years in wards among the sick constantly, become interestedand that rightly-in the symptomatology of disease, as well as in its etiology, pathology and treatment. By such nurses this, volume will be read with interest and profit.

The Physician's Visiting List (Lindsay & Blakiston's) for 1919. Sixty-eighth year of its publication. Philadelphia: P. Blakiston's, Son & Company (successors to Lindsay & Blakiston), 1012 Walnut Street. Sold by all booksellers. and druggists.

"Blakiston's Visiting List," as it is familiarly known, is indeed a "multum in parvo." It is almost indispensable to the average medical practitioner, and is worth several times the price charged for it. Buy it.