volves constantly. To the left of the printing ring is located the controlling device, or starting and stopping magnets. To the right and below the level of the type-carrying ring is an electrically operated printing bar-a mechanism which brings the paper in contact with the letter when it has reached the proper position. The revolving clutch magnets are operated by a powerful spring motor. It is essential that the motors on all machines on any given circuit revolve at approximately the same speed. The gain or loss of from one to ten revolutions a minute, however, will not affect accurate printing. Messages may be printed on a tape, as is done by stock tickers, or upon a sheet, as is done in typewriting.

The operation of the instrument is as follows: To start, a button or starting key is depressed. This opens the electrical circuit on the line. The controlling magnets release and a spring carries the armature upward. This forms an electrical contact and closes the circuit in the revolving clutch magnets. They in turn grasp the type ring and cause it to revolve until it reaches a stop, fastened to its edge. This stop closes the circuit and

both the sending and receiving machines have been synchronized-set at zero. The closing of the line circuit causes the clutch circuit to open, hence the type ring is released. At the same instant an extension on the armature of the controlling magnet is brought in contact with. the type ring, causing it to be held in a fixed position for printing.

The speed of the instruments is limited only by the ability of the operator to depress the keys. A rapid typewriter operator can far exceed the best efforts of the most rapid Morse telegrapher, it being possible to revolve the typewheel at a very rapid rate of speed. Once a key is depressed to form a letter, it is not released until the letter has been printed and none of the other keys may be depressed until the last letter struck has been released.

If further experiments and the hard test of practical service prove this apparatus to be thoroughly practical, it will be possible for any person who can operate a typewriter to conduct communication by wireless-a matter of some importance.

SQUIRE'S METHOD OF UTILIZING TREES FOR RECEIVING MESSAGES.

The inventor and witnesses of his experiments claim that his tests with wireless apparatus have been wonderfully successful and he confidently expects to see his invention take the place of other transmitting and receiving devices.

When Rear Admiral Evans steamed out from Hampton Roads, December 16, on his memorable voyage to the Pacific coast, with his great fleet of battleships and destroyers, he had the honor of being the first naval commander in the history of the world, who, by the latest electrical wonder, could transmit his commands by ether waves, to any of his captains, though five and ten miles away, and receive an answer.

This has been made possible by the new wireless telephone of Dr. Lee De Forest, adopted by the American navy, the first power to possess and install it. The accompanying photo is one of the first to be made and shows Captain Ingersoll, the chief of Admiral Evans' staff, sending a wireless telephone message to a distant ship. The transmitter on the left and the receiver on the right, are clearly seen in the same illustration. All during the long 14,000 miles voyage, night and day, this new talking machine will deliver and receive its thousands of orders and messages.

Dr. Lee De Forest, the inventor of the wireless phone, made the first practical trials of the system in reporting a regatta on Lake Erie, in July last. On this occasion the time and name of the winning boats were sent by wireless telephone from a small yacht having a set of the instruments on board to a shore station four miles away. For the past six months the navy department has conducted experiments and obtained some very successful results at the Norfolk navy yard, and elsewhere. When the fleet went to Cape Cod and Provincetown, Massachusetts, last summer for target practice the wireless telephone was on the Connecticut, and another on board the Virginia. The instruments were subjected to all kinds of tests by naval officers in connection with the inventor, when both the tactical value and practical working efficiency for communication between ships at sea and signaling, over the old flag method, was conclusively demonstrated.

When the fleet returned from its practice cruise, the result of the test of the wireless telephone was reported to Washington, and upon recommendation of Admiral Evans, the navy department ordered that all the principal battleships and supply and repair vessels, some twenty-eight in all, should be equipped with the wireless telephone. The instruments cost about $1,500 each.

The wireless telephone is destined to offset many dangers and difficulties which it was impossible to overcome with the old method of flag signaling from mastheads, wig-wagging and working the semaphore upon the bridge. Night fog and dense smoke obscure the vessels from sight of one another at times, rendering signaling by the old methods impracticable and of no value. From the emergency cabin where the wireless telephone is located on the aft bridge of the Connecticut, Admiral Evans, with as much ease as he gives orders to the engineer below by means of the speaking tube, can at such time readily locate and call the other ships. The commanding officers of other vessels of his fleet can reply with certainty and clearness. The wireless telephone is of no particular value to the six little destroyers because of the great difficulty of signaling from these craft, owing to the dense columns

of smoke which always pour from their funnels, often making visual signaling from them a miserable failure.

Transmission of the voice over the wireless telephone is accomplished by methods similar to those of the wireless telegraph, and depends upon the production of electric waves that pass through the atmosphere. A 220-volt dynamotor generates the electric current to operate the instrument. Words spoken into the transmitter are sent into what is termed the Duddell musical arc, shown attached to the right transmitter. The arc is the all important agency for creating the high frequency oscillations of the constant flowing current, and the keynote of the whole scheme employed in the production and transmission of the hu

man voice waves. The sustained oscillations have a frequency from 40,000 to 100,000 per second. These are transferred from the current in which they are produced to the antennæ and are sent broadcast on their mission.

These resonant waves are detected and picked up and the human voice tones reproduced on some distant ship by a most sensitive electric apparatus, called the "audion" receiver. This ingenious and delicate device has been found to give clear and almost perfect quality to the reproduced tone of words in the trans

nals have all to be spelled out, and is, therefore, of especial importance to battle-ships.

The contract range of talking distance demanded by the navy department is only for five miles, though eleven and twenty-five have been accomplished in separate instances. Even at a five-mile range it was thought by the navy department to be of sufficient value in fleet maneuvering and signaling to warrant the extensive installment. The naval officers are enthusiastic over the new deep sea "hello system." Experiments are going on to increase the range, and as there seems to be no end to electrical discoveries, with more powerful apparatus, a wireless telephone conversation between America and England is possible in the near future.

mitter. This receiver is shown on the right side of the photograph. Conversation over the wireless telephone is said to be three or four times faster than the wireless telegraph used on shipboard, where the dots and dashes and code sig

ROM Shasta to San Diego, all the way along the shores of the Pacific Ocean, there is gold in the black sand which, for the greater part of the length of the state, underlies the gray and yellow sand of the beach. This has been known to mining men for a score of years or more, but ever since they found it out they have been completely baffled in all efforts at getting it. The values in the sand are low, not more than twenty-five cents per ton, and the sea washes heavily over all manner of structures which are set up on the beach

solved, despite the wrecking of one of the plants with which the work was commenced, and a recent clean up of one day's run of 1,000 tons of black sand paid $200 over and above all expenses. The full value of the gold in the sand, could it have been entirely removed, would have been $250; the actual amount taken out was about $235 worth, making the cost of handling that 1,000 tons of sand a trifle more than three cents a ton, the cheapest mining yet known to man.

In Santa Barbara County, California, lying between Point Sal on the south and Mussel Rocks on the north, is a stretch of beach where, if you dig down a little way, you will find a layer of black, gold

bearing sand under the top layer of the beach. Here this new dredger has been set up.

The dredger is an entirely new idea for mining low grade deposits, containing the fine flour, flake and floating gold, found along ocean beaches, rivers, creeks, etc. It is claimed that the ma