range. Pop. in 1880: white, 4189; black, 5203; total, 9392. County town, Camilla.

MUSCOGEE.-One-third per cent. too hilly for tillage; 49 per cent. clay soil; remainder sandy. Schools, 26; churches, 30. Manufactories: cotton, bagging, trunk, and clothing factories; flour, lumber, and corn mills. Pop. in 1880: white, 8994; black, 10,328; total, 19,322. County town, Columbus.

QUITMAN.-Half per cent. irreclaimable swamp; 38 per cent. clay soil; remainder sandy; 64 per cent. tillable land cleared. Schools, 11; churches, 14. Blue marl of excellent quality. Flour and lumber mills. Pop. in 1880: white, 1773; black, 2619; total, 4392. County town, Georgetown.

RANDOLPH.-Eight per cent. irreclaimable swamp; 60 per cent. clay soil; 60 per cent. tillable land cleared. Schools, 42; churches, 17. Deposits of marl. Pop. in 1880: white, 5545: black, 7796; total, 13,341. County town, Cuthbert.

SCHLEY.-Two-thirds per cent. too hilly and swampy for tillage; 60 per cent. clay soil, remainder sandy; 72 per cent. tillable land cleared. Schools, 20; churches, 12. Marl beds. Flour and lumber mills. Pop. in 1880: white, 2229; black, 3073; total, 5302. County town, Ellaville.

STEWART.-Three-and-a-half per cent. too broken and swampy for tillage; 28 per cent. clay soil, remainder pine land. Schools, 46; churches. 24. Carriage factory, flour and lumber mills. Pop. in 1880: white, 4415; black, 9583; total, 13,998. County town, Lumpkin.

SUMTER.-Three per cent. irreclaimable swamp; 27 per cent. clay soil; remainder sandy; 46 per cent. of tillable land cleared. Schools, 50; churches, 61. Manufactories: boot, shoe, door, sash, blind, and carriage factories, flour and lumber mills. Pop. in 1880: white, 6050; black, 12,189; total, 18,239. County town, Americus.

TAYLOR.-One per cent. irreclaimable swamp; soil sandy; 10 per cent. of tillable land cleared. Schools, 31; churches, 21. Cotton. Pop. in 1880 white, 4769; black, 3826; total, 8595. County town, Butler.

TERRELL.-Four per cent. irreclaimable swamp; soil half clay, half sandy; 32 per cent. tillable land cleared. Schools, 36; churches, 23. Limestone abundant. Car, wagon, and barrel factories; flour and lumber mills. Pop. in 1880: white, 4267; black, 6184; total, 10,451. County town, Dawson:

Lime

THOMAS.-Two per cent. irreclaimable land; 75 per cent. clay soil; 33 per cent. tillable land cleared. Schools, 52; churches, 31. deposits; cigar factory; iron foundry; flour and lumber mills. Pop. in 1880: white, 8384; black, 12,214; total, 20,598. County town, Thomas

ville.

WEBSTER.-Four per cent. irreclaimable swamp; 26 per cent. clay soil; remainder sandy; 60 per cent. of tillable land cleared. Schools, 19; churches, 13. Tanneries, shoe shops, flour and lumber mills. Pop. in 1880: white, 2666; black, 2571; total, 5237. County town, Preston,

WILCOX.-Ten-and-a-half per cent. too broken and swampy for cultivation; 25 per cent. clay soil; remainder pine land; 15 per cent. tillable

land cleared. Schools, 19; churches, 15. Flour and lumber manufactures. Pop. in 1880: white, 2411; black, 698; total, 3109. County town, Abbeville.

WORTH.-One-and-a-quarter per cent. irreclaimable swamp; 15 per cent. clay soil; 20 per cent. tillable land cleared. Schools, 27; churches, 16. Marl exists. Manufactures: turpentine and resin, flour and lumber mills. Pop. in 1880: white, 4068; black, 1824; total, 5892. County town, Isabella.

In the low country, immediately along the lines of rivers and swamps, the atmosphere is impure, and such districts are subject to remittent and intermittent fevers during the summer and fall months. But swamp districts that were considered next to uninhabitable thirty years ago, are now, owing to drainage, filled with a thriving population.

În Middle and Upper Georgia the atmosphere is pure and wholesome, and the health of the inhabitants excellent. In Middle and Northern Georgia all the medicinal springs and watering-places prevail; and thousands annually throng to them in search of health or recreation. The town of Marietta, in Cobb county, 1,132 feet above the sea, has for years been resorted to by consumptive invalids.

The average temperature for six years, taken at Atlanta and Savannah, shows the following result::

The average annual rainfall at Savannah is 38-42. The exports of Georgia consist of horses, mules, hogs, cattle, breadstuffs, fruit, timber, manufactures of iron and steel, leather, cotton and its manufactures, candles, tallow, oils, turpentine, soap, and tobacco. The export trade, chiefly conducted through the ports of Brunswick, Savannah, and St. Mary's, amounted, in 1878, to $19,689,322.

The goods imported to the State-through the ports just named-consisted of tea, coffee, bituminous coal, brass, stone and china ware, machinery, anchors, chains, silks, cigars, wines and spirits, molasses, salt, and potatoes, and amounted, in 1878, to $507,206.

Salt-water fish are supplied throughout the year to the interior towns at reasonable prices. Oysters and other edible shell-fish are also supplied in season.

Game in great variety is found in those portions of the State where the forest remains. The principal are quail, duck, woodcock, pheasant, wild turkey, squirrel, hare, opossum, and deer.

There are no general laws in force in the State for the protection of game, and though some have been enacted for the protection of fish, they are practically inoperative."

The principal towns of the State are Atlanta, the political capital, with a population of 34,398; Savannah, with 33,681; and Augusta, with 23,023 inhabitants.

The State debt amounts to $10,000,000; taxable property, $140,000,000; tax on $100, 50 cents; legal rate of interest, 7 per cent.

There are schools, colleges, and churches in the several

counties.

Working oxen cost $76 per pair; horses, $150 each; mules, $168; milch cows, $31; and sheep, $2 each.

Fare from a port in Great Britain to Savannah :Steerage and emigrant train, and second-class cabin, about £10; steerage and first cabin on American steamers, about £12.

CHAPTER XIII.

IDAHO.

Area, 86,294 square miles. Population, 32,612.
Governor, M. BRAYMAN. Capital, Boise City.

THE Territory of Idaho (i-da-ho), already famous for its wealth in precious metals, was organised under the Administration of President Lincoln in 1863. Its pretty name is equivalent in the Indian tongue to "the gem of the mountains." It is bounded on the north by the British Possessions, on the South by Utah and Nevada, on the east by Wyoming and Montana, and on the west by Oregon and Washington.

The geographical features of Idaho are rugged mountain ranges, cañons and gorges deeply cut by the torrents of many ages, sandy wastes, and fertile valleys.

The Territory is drained by the Snake River and its branches: the Snake joins the Columbia River on its way to the Pacific Ocean. Bear River flows northward into Salt Lake, in the Territory of Utah.

The valley of the Snake is 500 miles long by a greatest breadth of 250 miles. The interior of the crescent-shaped valley or basin is a mass of volcanic rock, deeply cut by different rivers. But there is much good land well adapted for agriculture along the feeders of Snake River.

On the Big Wood River, a tributary of the Snake, is Boise Basin, which is eighteen miles in length by about seven wide.

"In some parts of this basin," says Mr. Brown, in his graphic Report, "the sand is loose, and the wind, drifting it over the plains, obliterates all traces of vegetation. Whirlwinds often raise it to a great height, and when one of these dust storms passes a train of men and animals, the air is darkened, and breathing is rendered difficult until the storm is over."

This "Basin" divides the mining area of the Territory in two parts: the southern and northern districts. The southern, or Owyhee mines, are in the Owyhee Mountains, and do not cover near the extent of the northern section, which embraces the Boise, Lemhi, Salmon River, and Oro Fino mines.

There are three large lakes in Idaho: the Coeur d'Alène, which is about 24 miles long by 2 or 3 wide; the Boatman, 30 miles long by 6 miles wide; and the Pen d'Orreille, which, in conjunction with Clark's Fork River, passing through the lake to join the Columbia, is navigable for 80 miles for steamers.

The soil of Idaho, along the water-courses, is suitable for the growth of cereals and vegetables; but irrigation is necessary to make farming successful in this Territory. The table lands, with their nutritious native grasses, form admirable grazing ranges, and many herds of cattle are fattened upon them with but little expense beyond that of herding.

The valleys are quite bare of timber; and wood, both for building and fuel, has to be hauled at considerable cost from the mountain regions.

Fruit trees thrive and bear fairly well in the Territory. But the great wealth and attraction of Idaho are her minerals. Mr. Surveyor-General Carter reports as follows:

"Gold is found on the head waters of all the rivers. Rich placer mines have been profitably worked for years on the Clearwater and Salmon rivers. Extensive placer and quartz mines are found on the Boise River and its branches. embracing several districts. The quartz and placer mines of Owyhee County, situated in the south-west part of the Territory, have proved to be eminently rich so far as developed.