"Other crops, as potatoes, turnips, sugar, corn, sorghum, buckwheat, rye, clover, etc., give good returns.

"Apples, pears, peaches, grapes, and the small fruits and berries, are the home production of almost every farm: none but an expert can afford to cultivate them for market sale.

"Timber is too abundant; not more than one-half the tillable soil has been reduced to culture."

The following table shows the agricultural products, with other important particulars, for 1879:

TABLE SHOWING THE PRODUCT OF EACH PRINCIPAL

There are only two States of the Union which produce a larger quantity of cereals than Indiana, and these are Illinois and Iowa. Unimproved lands may be bought at from $10 to $20 per acre in this State, and even at lower prices in the south-western counties; improved farms cost from $20 to $60 per acre. With the latter, a practical farmer, who can pay one-fourth of the purchase money down, may, with economy and management, make the deferred payments from the profits of the farm within five years.

Iron, coal, lime, cement, marls, potter's clay, and good building stone comprise the minerals of Indiana. The coalfield is reported to be 6,500 square miles in extent. Cannel coal is found in Daviess county, and on the river

Ohio. There are some workable coal seams, at depths ranging from 50 feet to 220 feet below the surface; seams vary in thickness from 23 feet to 11 feet. Fuel is cheap in Indiana. Coal may be brought along the line of railways at from $1.50 to $2.80 per ton. The coal output for 1879 was 1,794,735 tons. The make of pig iron during 1877 was 15,460 tons; a falling-off of over one-half since 1872. The mines of Indiana are worked upon a system similar to that prevailing in the United Kingdom. But the wages are higher, and the opportunities of the miner for possessing a home of his own, with land and garden, are infinitely greater.

In 1879 there were 14,480 manufacturing establishments in Indiana, in which were employed 57,939 persons. The amount of capital therein invested was $78,341,728; and the value of the manufactured products reached the sum of $185,050,220. The mills and manufactories of the State include saw, grist, flour, woollen, and planing mills, which are the most common; ironrolling mills, glass, furniture, sash and blind, and carriage manufactories are also in operation in various parts of Indiana. The carriage works of Messrs. Studdebacker Brothers, of world-wide celebrity, are situated in South Bend in this State.

Nearly 700,000 hogs were packed in Indiana, chiefly at Indianapolis, during the season of 1878-9.

The climate of Southern Indiana is mild and salubrious, and not unlike that of the South of France. But in the northern part of the State, extremes of temperature, from great heat in summer to severe cold in winter, are experienced. The average temperature at Indianapolis is 49-30° in Spring, 72.64° in Summer, 57.96° in Autumn, and 28.71° in Winter. Much "Fever and Ague" prevail in this State; the malady is confined, however, to the northern section, where the swamps, wet prairies, and marshes are to be found. But the position of Indiana is much improved in this regard.

Indiana embraces 92 counties, which, with their population in 1880, are as follows:—

Adams, 15,385; Allen, 54,766; Bartholomew, 22,777; Benton, 11,108; Blackford, 8021; Boone, 25,922; Brown, 10,264; Carroll, 18,347; Cass, 27,610; Clarke, 28,638; Clay, 25,853; Clinton, 23,473; Crawford, 12,356; Daviess, 21,552; Dearborn, 26,656; Decatur, 19,779; De Kalb, 20,225; Delaware, 22,928; Dubois, 15,991; Elkhart, 33,454; Fayette, 11,394; Floyd, 24,590; Fountain, 20,228; Franklin, 20,092; Fulton, 14,301; Gibson, 22,742; Grant, 23,618; Greene, 22,996; Hamilton, 24,809; Hancock, 17,123; Harrison, 21,326; Hendricks, 22,975; Henry, 24,016; Howard, 19,584; Huntington, 21,805; Jackson, 23,050; Jasper, 9465; Jay, 19, 282; Jefferson, 25,977; Jennings, 16,453; Johnson, 19,537; Knox, 26,323; Kosciusco, 26,493; Lagrange, 15,630; Lake, 15,091; La Porte, 30,976; Lawrence, 18,543; Madison, 27,531; Marion, 102,780; Marshall, 22,416; Martin, 13,475; Miami, 24,083; Monroe, 15,875; Montgomery, 27,316; Morgan, 18,899; Newton, 8167; Noble, 23,007; Ohio, 5563; Orange, 14,363; Owen, 15,901; Parke, 19,460; Perry, 16,997; Pike, 16,384; Porter, 17,229; Posey, 20,857; Pulaski, 9851; Putnam, 22,502; Randolph, 26,437; Ripley, 21,627; Rush, 19,238; Saint Joseph, 33,176; Scott, 8343; Shelby, 25,256; Spencer, 22,122; Starke, 5105; Steuben, 14,644; Sullivan, 20,336; Switzerland, 13,336; Tippecanoe, 35,966; Tipton, 14,402; Union, 7673; Vanderburgh, 42,193; Vermillion, ́ 12,025; ́ Vigo, 45,656; Wabash, 25,242; Warren, 11,497; Warwick, 20,162; Washington, 18,954; Wayne, 38,614; Wells, 18,442; White, 13,795; Whitley, 16,941.

The principal cities are Indianapolis, pop. 75,074; Evansville, 29,280; Fort Wayne, 26,880; Logansport, 11,198; Madison, La Fayette, 14,860; New Albany, 16,422; La-Porte, Terre-Haute, 12,742; Richmond, 26,040; Jeffersonville, 10,422; South Bend, 13,279; Vincennes, besides others scarcely less noteworthy, such as Aurora, Crawfordsville, Elkhart, Greencastle, Goshen, Lawrenceburg, Michigan City, Peru, etc., etc.

and asylums for the very numerous, and There are 19 colleges

The churches, schools, colleges, blind and other unfortunates, are reflect great credit upon the State. in Indiana; and the expenditure upon public schools in 1878 amounted to $4,651,911. The religious denominations include the Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians, Friends, Roman Catholics, Episcopalians, and others. There are about 416 periodicals published in this State; and Indianapolis has a public library containing 17,000

volumes. Other libraries, in Crawfordsville, Greencastle, and Notre Dame, each posses over 10,000 volumes.

The State debt is $5,000,000; taxable property, $850,000,000; State tax on $100, 14 cents. Legal rate of interest, 6 per cent.

Farm hands receive an average wage of $18.50 per month, by the year, and $24.00 per month during the harvest season, with board and lodgings. All classes of mechanics can find employment in the towns and villages at wages slightly below those paid at Cincinatti and Chicago.

Working oxen cost $90 per pair; horses, $80; mules, $85; milch cows, $30; and sheep $2 each, in this State. Fare from a port in Great Britain to Indianapolis:Steerage and emigrant train, £8, 10s.: steerage and firstclass rail, £10, 10s.

CHAPTER XVI.

IOWA.

Area, 55,045 square miles.

Population, 624,620.

Governor, JOHN H. GEAR. Capital, Des Moines.

THIS great agricultural State-pronounced í-o-wa-was admitted into the Union in 1846. It is bounded on the north by Minnesota, on the east by Wisconsin and Illinois-from the latter State it is separated by the Mississippi river-on the south by Missouri, and on the west by Nebraska-from which it is divided by the Missouri river.

The characteristic features of Iowa are undulating prairies, which cover three-fourths of its surface; occasional forests; high bluffs along the Mississippi rivers; clear lakes, and rapid streams.

The growth of this State into its present pre-eminence in the production of cereal crops is due to the richness of its soil, and to the simple fact that prairie land is brought under cultivation with much less expenditure in time, labor, and capital, than where timber has to be felled and the stumps cleared away. During the year 1879 this young Commonwealth had 11,769,086 acres under crops, and was excelled by Illinois only in the products of that year: