Quartz exist in the Blue Mountain regions also, and notably at the head waters of the John Day, near Cañon City, which only require capital and enterprise to turn it into profit. The make of pig-iron by the Oswego Company amounted to 2,500 tons in 1874; no make whatever is reported for 1877. The output of coal at Coos Bay for 1877 is stated at 200,000 tons. The precious metals produced in Oregon, during the fiscal year 1879, were:— Gold... Total.... ..$1,150,000 20,000 $1,170,000 The bays and rivers of Oregon abound in fish, clam and oysters. Canned salmon from the Columbia River may be seen in the shop windows of Europe. Masters of American vessels have assured me that large fresh salmon of fine quality may frequently be bought for 25 cents each in Portland. The manufactories of this State are chiefly confined to grist, saw, quartz, and woollen mills; foundries and machine shops, and works for canning fish for exportation. In 1870 these establishments numbered 969, employing 2,884 hands, with a capital of $4,376,849. The commerce of Oregon, carried on by sea, and reported by the Customs authorities, amounted, in 1878, to $6,728,416. The export trade consists of provisions, breadstuffs, wood, and manufactures of wood, etc.; while the imports are composed of drapery, iron and steel, and manufactures thereof; lead, oils, wines and spirits, etc., valued as follows: The following particulars concerning the navigable rivers of Oregon are condensed from Mr. Ross Browne's excellent Report, so often referred to: 66 The Columbia, Willamette, Snake River, and Pen d'Oreille, or Clark's Fork, are the four principal navigable rivers, to which may be added the names of rivers navigated for short distances during the season of high water, as follows:-Cowlitz River, emptying into the Columbia; Yamhill, Tualitin, and Santiam, emptying into the Willamette; and Clearwater, emptying into the Snake River. All these rivers are successfully navigated by steamers. "The Columbia is the principal river, and is obstructed at different points by falls and rapids, and is divided into four navigable sections. The first is from its mouth to the Cascades, a distance of 160 miles. As far up as the mouth of the Willamette it is a broad, deep river, navigable at all seasons by the largest vessels that cross the bar at its mouth. The obstruction to navigation at the Cascades is of such a character as to make a portage of six miles necessary. This portage is now made by a railroad. The second section of the Columbia is from the Cascades to Dalles, a distance of 50 miles, through the Cascade range of mountains. Here is another obstruction to navigation, known as the great Dalles of the Columbia. This makes a second portage necessary, and is at present accomplished by means of 14 miles of railway. The third section of the Columbia reaches from Dalles to Priests' Rapids, a distance of 185 miles. From Priests' Rapids to Fort Colville, a distance of about 100 miles, the river is so frequently obstructed with rapids that the navigation has never been attempted. Beyond Fort Colville, for a distance of 250 miles into British Columbia, this great river is navigable. "Snake River empties into the Columbia about 12 miles north of old Fort Walla Walla, and is navigable as high up as Lewiston, in Idaho, a distance of 160 miles. From this point, in ascending Snake River, you go almost due south, and for an additional distance of 150 miles little or nothing is known of the river, except that it passes through a chain of high mountains, and is so obstructed with rapids and falls as to make navigation impossible; but from above this chain of mountains the river is navigable for a distance of 150 miles in a southerly direction. steamers are now running on this section of the river, and have succeeded in reaching a point within 30 miles of the Great Salmon Falls. By the use of these boats, and the navigation of the Salt Lake (which is said to be practicable), the land travel from Great Salt Lake City to Portland, in Oregon, would be reduced to about 400 miles. Fine Pen d'Oreille River, or Clark's Fork, of the Columbia is navigable from the foot of Pen d'Oreille Lake to the mouth of Jako, a distance of about 225 miles. Steamers are now running from foot of the lake to Thompson's Falls, a distance of about 150 miles. Two short portages, of less than seven miles in all, are made to connect these boats. One more boat above Thompson's Falls will enable the traveller to reach a point within 125 miles of Fort Benton, on the Missouri. The Willamette River is navigable from its mouth to Eugene City, a distance of about 200 miles. The only obstruction to the navigation of this river is a forty-foot fall at Oregon City, making portage of one mile necessary. Steamers are now regularly navigating the foregoing rivers-from Portland to Astoria, Monticello, and Dalles; from Dalles to Wallula; from Wallula to Lewiston; from Fort Colville to La Porte, in British Columbia; from the foot of Pen d'Oreille Lake to Cabinett, on Clark's Forks; from Cabinett to Thompson's Falls; from Portland to Fort Vancouver; from Portland to Oregon City; from Oregon City to Cornwallis, Eugene, and to Yamhill River. In addition to these regular routes, there are several small steamers and propellers that run when required. There were, in 1878, about 300 miles of railways in Oregon, and more are in course of construction; therefore, the advantages of the State for commercial intercourse are good. The counties of Oregon are 23 in number, and are, with their population, as follows: Baker, 4615; Benton, 6403; Clackamas, 9620; Clatsop, 7222; Columbia, 2042; Coos, 4834; Curry, 1208; Douglas, 9596; Grant, 4303; Jackson, 8154; Josephine, 2485; Lake, 2804; Lane, 9411; Linn, 12,675; Marion, 14,576; Multnomah, 25,204; Polk, 6601; Tillamook, 970; Umatilla, 9607; Union, 6650; Wasco, 11,120; Washington, 7082; Yam Hill, 7945. The principal towns are Portland, on the Willamette, Salem (the capital), Albany, Astoria (near the mouth of the Columbia), Baker City, Cañon City, Corvallio, Dallas, Ellensburg, Empire City, Eugene City, Forest Grove, Harrisburg, Hillsborough, Jacksonville, Jefferson, Kerby, La-Fayette, La-Grande, Linkville, Oregon City, Pendleton, Roseburg, St. Helen, and the Dalles. All the religious denominations are represented; and the churches are numerous. This young community spent $275,106 upon its common schools during 1878; and there are already 7 colleges in the State. In 1850, there were two newspapers published in Oregon; last year they numbered 57. The State debt amounts to $651,575; taxable property, $41,436,086; State tax on $100, 70 cents. Legal rate of interest, 10 per cent.; 12 per cent. is allowed by contract. Usury involves forfeiture of principal and interest. Agricultural laborers receive $23.43 per month, with board and lodgings, by the year. Female servants get $23 per month. Skilled workmen receive from $3 to $4 per day; and miners about $3.50 per day. Board and lodgings in the diggings cost, per week, a sum equal to about two days' wages. Fare from a British port to Portland:-Steerage and emigrant train, £21, 18s. 6d. CHAPTER XXXI. SOUTH CAROLINA. Area, 34,000 square miles. Population, 995,622. SOUTH CAROLINA (south kar-o-li-'na) is one of the thirteen States which constituted the original American Union. Nearly a century has rolled by since this Commonwealth ratified the Constitution to form "a more perfect Union" than the old Confederacy guaranteed; and yet not more than one-fourth of its all but 22,000,000 acres have been brought under cultivation. To quote from a writer of a religious turn of mind, "all the rest are in forest, original as the Lord in his infinite goodness and wisdom created it." The Atlantic border of South Carolina, like its neighbouring States, North Carolina and Georgia, is a fringe of islets; and from this natural line of breastworks the " Palmetto State" recedes in triangular form until its extreme western limit has penetrated the Alleghany Mountains. The State is abundantly wooded. The Palmetto is common on the sea board, while nearly every variety of trees, including the yellow pine, so valuable for its rosin, turpentine, and finally its wood; the oak, hickory, walnut, maple, cedar, poplar, cypress, dogwood, locust, ash, aspen, birch, spruce, and hemlock, are |