this work, the three members of this division were detailed to teach in the summer schools of Cornell University, Teachers College of Columbia University, and George Peabody College for Teachers, which institutions provided courses for the training of garden teachers.

Negro education.-The work of this division has included two distinct lines of activity: First, a comprehensive survey of all private and higher schools for negroes; second, constructive efforts to improve the work of these schools. The field work which entailed from one to four visits to 575 institutions was completed in June, 1915. Systems of accounting have been proposed for several schools and schools have been urged to inaugurate regular dormitory inspection. Civic education.-The specialist in civic education has cooperated with representatives of various civic and educational organizations in the States of Maryland and North Carolina in the planning and organization of systematic civic instruction. In Wilmington, Del., the specialist in civic education is assisting in organizing a course in civic education for the elementary schools and in reorganizing the high-school course on the same subject. He prepared a bulletin on civic education in the elementary schools as illustrated in Indianapolis and has cooperated in the preparation of a manual on the teaching of community civics which has been published as a bulletin of the bureau.

Education of immigrants.-The division of education of immigrants was established for the purpose of studying problems connected with the education of immigrants and their preparation for American life and citizenship, and to assist in making more adequate provisions for giving to immigrants such instruction and help as will enable them to appreciate American ideals, adjust themselves to American industrial conditions, understand American social and governmental institutions, and participate intelligently in the democratic life of the country. Investigations have been made in various sections of the country to ascertain facilities now existing for the instruction of adult immigrants and to give information and advice to school officers and educational organizations for the improvement of opportunities for the education of immigrants. In cooperation with the Bureau of Immigration a plan has been devised whereby the names, prospective addresses, and nationalities of immigrant children and the relationship of the persons to whom they are sent are forwarded regularly to the superintendents of schools in the cities or counties to which immigrant children are destined. Two circulars on civic education of immigrants have been issued.

Kindergarten education. The kindergarten division has given much attention to kindergarten legislation; it has corresponded with

the superintendents of public instruction and others interested in education in 39 States whose legislatures were in session within this fiscal year. In several of these States bills were introduced providing for the establishment of kindergartens upon the petition of parents. A law embodying this feature was enacted by the Legislature of Nevada, and North Carolina enacted the first kindergarten law of that State. Largely as the result of the activity of one of the special collaborators of this division, 50 new kindergartens have been established in California within the year. Manuscripts for bulletins have been completed on the following subjects: Comparison of the Montessori method and the kindergarten; opinions as to the value of the kindergarten in children's homes, orphanages, and similar institutions; adjustment between the kindergarten and the elementary schools; survey of kindergarten training schools. Reading courses for kindergarten teachers, kindergarten supervisors, and mothers are in course of preparation.

Home education. This division distributed more than 12,000 pamphlets on the care and early education of children and kindred subjects and 26,568 copies of home reading courses, and has prepared a selected list of 1,000 books for children's reading.

Library. The library received during the year 1,740 volumes, 8,000 numbers of serial publications, and 8,081 numbers of periodicals. It compiled 200 bibliographies on special topics and 10 numbers of the monthly record of current educational publications. Loans from the library to institutions and individuals outside of the office amounted to 2,741 volumes.

Statistics. The statistical division collected and compiled statistics of city school systems from all the States and from approximately 21,000 educational institutions.

Editorial division. The editorial division supervised the printing of the two volumes of the Annual Report for 1914 and 48 bulletins. There were issued also 168 miscellaneous publications, most of which were in multigraph form.

Alaska school service.-For this year the field force of the Alaska school service consisted of 5 superintendents, 1 assistant superintendent, 97 teachers, 7 physicians, and 8 nurses. Sixty-seven schools were maintained with an enrollment of about 3,500. Three hospitals were maintained and natives were cared for under contract by five others. To improve methods of preserving fish and berries for winter use, steam home canning outfits for use in preserving fish and meats as well as berries and vegetables were sent to three of the largest villages during the summer of 1914. The income of the village of Atka has increased 150 per cent because of the establishment of a cooperative store owned by the natives and maintained by them under the supervision of the teachers of the United States public school. The cooperative stores at Hydaburg, Klawock, Kluk

wan, and on St. Lawrence Island have also been successful. Additional reservations for natives were made by Executive order on the Kobuk River in Arctic Alaska and on Cook Inlet. A code of regulations for the government of the colony on Annette Island was put into effect January 28, 1915. Under these regulations the government of the Annette Island Reservation is vested in an elective council of 12 members with power to pass such ordinances for the local government of the reservation as are not in conflict with the Government of the United States, the laws of the Territory of Alaska, or the regulations prescribed by the Secretary of the Interior.

Alaska reindeer service.-On June 30, 1914, there were in Alaska 57,872 reindeer distributed among 65 herds. The increase for the year was 22 per cent, notwithstanding the fact that nearly 6,000 reindeer were killed for their meat and hides.

Commissioner.-The commissioner has continued his policy of attending meetings of more important national, sectional, State, and local associations interested directly or indirectly in education, and in visiting and inspecting schools of all kinds and grades. In doing this he has traveled approximately 70,000 miles, visited 27 States, and made more than 200 addresses. Within the year he has called nine special conferences, six of which he attended and directed.

Recommendations.-The following recommendations are submitted by the commissioner: An increase in the salaries of the chief clerk, editor, and statistician; the removal of the limit on the amount of salaries which may be paid from the lump-sum appropriation for rural and industrial education; provision for an assistant commissioner of education and an assistant editor; more adequate provision for the investigation and promotion of rural education, industrial education, and school hygiene, and school and home gardening; provision for the study and promotion of concrete education in city schools, investigation and promotion of education of exceptional children, investigation and promotion of secondary education, investigation and promotion of commercial education, and investigation and promotion of education in civics and citizenship. An inerease in the appropriation for traveling expenses should be provided for the commissioner and his assistants to enable them to give more direct and more efficient help to school officers and teachers in all parts of the country. There should be an increase in the appropriation for the education of natives of Alaska and for medical relief of natives of Alaska.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

Scope of the Survey's work.-The scientific work of the Geological Survey was continued along lines similar to those followed in previous years, and the usual number of contributions have been made

to the knowledge of geology and related subjects. The appropriations for the work of the Survey for the fiscal year 1915 aggregated $1,620,520. The great demand for mineral investigations in various parts of the country was, in part, relieved by an increased appropriation of $100,000 for geologic surveys. This permitted largely increased activity in work on the public lands and to an appreciable extent met the demand for the investigation of oil and other mineral resources in the States containing no public lands. The appropriation for water-resources work, however, remained inadequate, being, in fact, $50,000 less than it was eight years ago, whereas a large portion of the land-classification work depends on this appropriation. The roll of Survey members holding Secretary's appointments numbered at the close of the year 909, an increase of 18.

Geologic surveys.-Investigations were continued in 47 States by a force of 164 geologists, and 70.3 per cent of the appropriation was spent in the public-land States. Detailed geologic surveys covered 20,292 square miles and reconnaissance geologic surveys 47,355 square miles, a total of 67,647 square miles. Systematic detailed surveys of mining districts were carried on in Arizona, Colorado, Minnesota, Nevada, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Oregon, and Utah; reconnaissance studies of mining districts were made in Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Kentucky, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oregon, Tennessee, Utah, and Wyoming; and general and detailed geologic and paleontologic work was continued in all parts of the country. A large amount of the geologic work was done in the coal and oil fields, especially in the public-land States, and the search for commercial deposits of potash and nitrates was continued. Cooperative work was carried on with the geological surveys of 17 States, as well as with the Bureau of Mines, Bureau of Standards, Office of Public Roads, Bureau of Fisheries, Forest Service, Smithsonian Institution, Lighthouse Service, War Department, Navy Department, Carnegie Geophysical Laboratory, and marine biologic station at Dry Tortugas.

Surveys in Alaska.-The early date of the appropriation for the continuance of the investigation of the mineral resources of AlaskaApril 6, 1914-made possible an early start for the field, which was in striking contrast to the two previous years, when the delay in granting funds until summer hampered the field work and increased its cost. Ten parties were engaged in surveys and investigations, the work resulting in 1,000 square miles of exploratory geologic surveys, 7,700 square miles of reconnaissance geologic surveys, 325 square miles of detailed geologic surveys, 600 square miles of exploratory topographic surveys, 10,300 square miles of reconnaissance topographic surveys, and 10 square miles of detailed topo

graphic surveys. Considerable work was done by the geologists in investigating special field problems in the important mining districts. Statistics of mineral products.-Work was continued on the annual report on the mineral resources of the United States for the calendar years 1913 and 1914. In the collection of mineral statistics the Survey cooperated with the State geologists of 16 States and conducted correspondence with 90,000 producers. The practice in making the Mineral Resources report a treatise on the sources of mineral production of the United States was continued. The report is still, however, an annual inventory of the Nation's mineral resources. The separate reports on each principal mineral product are, as soon as the figures become available, printed as advance chapters of the volume and widely distributed. On June 30, 1915, 20 chapters of the volume for 1914 had been published or were in press. About January 1 preliminary estimates of the production of the principal minerals in 1914 were given to the newspapers. The widespread demand created by the European war for information concerning American mineral products was met by the immediate preparation of statements for the press and the prompt issue in September of Bulletin 599, "Our mineral reserves." This resulted in a heavy and sustained correspondence between the producer and the consumer, the Survey acting as a clearing house of information on all mineral

resources.

Topographic surveys.-New areas amounting to 20,508 square miles were topographically mapped, making the total area surveyed to date in the United States 1,218,290 square miles, or 40.2 per cent of the entire country. Areas aggregating 3,048 square miles were resurveyed, making a total for the year of 23,556 square miles. In addition 19 square miles was surveyed in Hawaii and 10,910 square miles in Alaska. This work was carried on in 30 States, Alaska, and Hawaii, and 20 of these States and Hawaii cooperated with the Federal Survey. The technical field force numbered 151, and in addition 37 technical field assistants were employed during the field season. The average cost per square mile was $22. About 60 per cent of the appropriation was expended in the public-land States.

Water resources.-The present appropriation of $150,000 is insufficient to meet the pressing demands upon the Survey for the investigations of stream flow and underground waters. During the year 1,350 gaging stations for measuring the discharge of streams were maintained in 41 States and in Hawaii. The technical force numbered 76. Twenty-five States and Hawaii cooperated in this work, and the Reclamation Service, Indian Office, Army Engineers, and Public Health Service also cooperated largely in the study of the flow of particular rivers. Investigations of underground waters have been conducted in 12 States. Investigations of the present and probable