of crystallization are frequently contaminated with dust and other foreign matter which passes freely through cloth and paper filters; they may be readily clarified by adding paper pulp, which effectually removes the fine particles of dirt from the boiling liquid, by enveloping them in its own fiber and retaining them on the strainer.

Clarification of liquids may also be effected by fermentation. Fruit juices, as a rule, contain certain principles which tend to render them cloudy and unsightly, but which can be removed by fermentation at a moderate temperature, the matter thus separated settling to the bottom; and the clear liquid may be drawn off by means of a siphon or otherwise.

6. State four ways of manufacturing medicated water.

First effect an intimate mixture of the active ingredients and vehicle in a mortar, by forming them into a uniform mass. Then transfer the mass to a graduated tile and divide into the required number of equal parts, which are then properly shaped with the fingers.

11. How would you proceed to make suppositories by means of the mold method?

First weigh out sufficient cacao butter to just fill the molds, and place about two-thirds of it over a water-bath in a capsule or casserole. While this is heating weigh out the medicinal ingredients and incorporate them thoroughly with the remainder of the cacao butter. Then remove the melted cacao butter from the water-bath and allow the contents to cool to 95° F., or lower. Then the medicated cacao

(b) By passing gases through water.
(c) By distillation.

(d) By triturating the medicinal ingredients with purified talc, and then mixing with cold distilled water and filtering.

7. Name an official water made by each of the processes stated in the question.

(a) Bitter almond water.
(b) Ammonia water.
(c) Stronger rose water.
(d) Peppermint water.

8. Compare a pill, point for point, with a troche.

A trochę is a lozenge composed of medicinal ingredients mixed into a paste with sugar and mucilage and dried. A pill is a mass of medicinal matter, made with a variety of excipients, round or ovoid in form. A troche is intended to be gradually dissolved in the mouth and slowly swallowed, producing a demulcent effect, while a pill is intended for internal administration. Troches are uncoated and of the same composition throughout, while pills. are generally coated and may consist of two or more layers of dissimilar composition. A pill should weigh, exclusive of coating, from one to five grains. Troches may be considerably heavier. Troches as a rule contain the active ingredients in more diluted form than do pills.

9. Name two suppository bases.
Cacao butter and glycerinated gelatin.

10. How would you proceed to make suppositories by hand?

to that in the capsule, where a little stirring with a spatula or glass rod will render the whole liquid and homogeneous. Finally the fluid is poured into the molds, which have previously been chilled, and the molds placed on ice until the suppositories have hardened.

12. What is (a) Dover's powder, (b) Blaud's pills, (c) laudanum, (d) Fowler's solution?

(a) Powder of ipecac and opium.
(b) Pills of ferrous carbonate.
(c) Tincture of opium.

(d) Solution of potassium arsenite.

13. Discuss the practice of making tinctures, infusions and decoctions from fluidextracts.

At the 1915 meeting of the American Pharmaceutical Association, Professor W. L. Scoville, of Detroit, read a paper which contained the results of a three years' series of tests conducted in order to ascertain the relative values of tinctures prepared by the official process and those made by diluting fluidextracts. It was found that tinctures prepared from fluidextracts are equally as good as those made in accordance with the U. S. P. method, and in some cases are better. Thus it would seem that there can be no valid objection to making tinctures from fluidextracts, if the druggist so desires.

Infusions and decoctions, however, differ materially from fluidextracts, not only in strength, but in taste and appearance, and oftentimes in action; this is because quite different principles are extracted from drugs by water than those which are obtained by alco

holic liquids. In infusions and decoctions only the water-soluble principles are desired, and a diluted fluidextract is never a proper substitute.

14. Discuss acacia as an emulsifying agent. Acacia is probably the best emulsifying agent for general use. Emulsions made with. it are attractive in appearance, palatable, and permanent. It has a wide range of emulsify

ing power. Primary emulsions made with.

acacia will stand considerable dilution. If rules are followed carefully even a novice can produce a satisfactory emulsion with acacia.

15. Give a rule for making an emulsion with acacia.

For one part of dry acacia use four parts of fixed oil (or two parts of volatile oil) and twice as much water as gum.

16. Name three emulsifying agents, not including acacia.

Yolk of egg, condensed milk, and blanched almonds.

17. How can camphor, menthol, or salol be put into an emulsion?

By first dissolving the camphor, menthol or salol in a fixed oil and then emulsifying the resulting solution.

18. Write out the following in full English: (a) b. i. d., (b) p. r. n., (c) s. a., (d) a. c., (e) dieb. alt., (f) N. F., (g) ft. collyr., (h) coch. parv., (i) non. rep.

(a) Twice a day, (b) as occasion arises, or as needed, (c) according to art, (d) before eating, (e) every other day, (f) National Formulary, (g) make an eye lotion, (h) a teaspoonful, (i) do not repeat.

.

19. How should the following be stored: (a) Spirit of nitrous ether, (b) hydrogen peroxide, (c) ferrous sulphate, (d) syrups, (e) biological products.

(a) In small, well-stoppered, dark ambercolored bottles in a cool place, remote from lights or fire.

Syrupi tolutanus q. s. ad.....
..4 fluidounces.

Misce et sig.: a teaspoonful every three hours.

The compound syrup of squill contains acetic acid which, when it comes in contact with the ammonium carbonate, liberates carbon dioxide. Care must be taken not to cork the bottle before effervescence ceases. As there is an excess of ammonium carbonate present which is not converted by the acid, the atropine sulphate and the tincture of belladonna are likely to be affected, resulting in a precipitation of the alkaloids. If dispensed the prescription should bear a shake label.

22. Write out a four-ounce prescription so that each teaspoonful will contain approximately 1/60 grain of strychnine sulphate, 2 grains of quinine sulphate, and 1 grain of ferric citrate.

There are 32 teaspoonfuls in four fluidounces. Therefore the following will answer:

(c) In well-stoppered, amber-colored bottles so that the crystals may not effloresce. (d) In small, tightly-stoppered bottles in a cool place.

(e) In a refrigerator.

20. What difficulty is encountered in the manufacture of aromatic spirit of ammonia, and how can this difficulty be overcome?

A precipitation sometimes occurs due to the insolubility of ammonium carbonate in the

part of the water. The sodium citrate is added to the ferric citrate, dissolved in the remainder of the water, in order to prevent decomposition of the iron salt.

23. How is syrup of ferrous iodide made? Introduce 12.5 grammes of iron (in the form of fine bright wire, cut into small pieces) into a flask of thin glass, having a capacity of about 500 Cc., add to it 150 Cc. of distilled water, and afterwards 41.5 grammes of iodine. Shake the mixture occasionally, checking the

reaction, if necessary, by the affusion of cold water, and, when the solution has acquired a greenish color, and has lost the odor of iodine, heat it to boiling and add at once fifty grammes of sugar. When this has dissolved, filter the solution into 550 grammes of sugar contained in a porcelain dish. Rinse the flask and iron wire with 125 Cc. of distilled water and pass the washings through the filter into the sugar. Stir the mixture with a porcelain or wooden spatula, heating the liquid on a water-bath until complete solution is effected, and, having passed the syrup through a clean muslin strainer into a tared bottle, add 20 Cc. of diluted hypophosphorous acid, and sufficient distilled water to make the product weigh 1000 grammes.

24. How would you make up a gallon of storage battery fluid (H2SO4, sp. gr. 1.20) from official H2SO4, sp. gr. 1.82.

31-that is to say, 10 fluid parts of acid (sp. gr. 1.82) and 31 fluid parts of water when mixed will give 41 fluid parts of a mixture having a specific gravity of 1.20.

128 fluidounces (1 gallon)==41 fluid parts. One part=-1/41 of 128 or 3.122 fluidounces. 10 parts 31.22 fluidounces of H2SO, (sp. gr. 1.82) required.

31 parts 96.78 fluidounces of water required.

Therefore, to make one gallon of storage battery fluid (H2SO, sp. gr. 1.20) add 31.22 fluidounces of H2SO, (sp. gr. 1.82) cautiously and slowly to 96.78 parts of water, and when the mixture has cooled make up any loss in volume by adding water q. s. to make 1 gallon.

25. Contrast as to alkaloidal strength, dose, and medicinal action, tincture of opium with fluidextract of nux vomica.

Tincture of opium represents 12 to 12.5 grammes of crystallized morphine in 1000 Cc., while fluidextract of nux vomica represents 10 grammes of strychnine in 1000 Cc. The average dose of tincture of opium is 8 minims, which is eight times the average dose of fluidextract of nux vomica. In action tincture of opium is a stimulant narcotic while fluidextract of nux vomica is used as a tonic and as a systemic stimulant.

SELECTIONS

ADVERTISING THE DRUG STORE.

Advertising does not necessarily mean billboards, street-cars, newspapers, blank walls, circulars, programmes, letters, or any one specific thing, but advertising means anything that attracts the attention of one person or of a million people to your business or to you personally as the proprietor of that business; and if the retail druggist could only realize that almost every waking hour he is advertising or misadvertising his business, he would pay more attention to the importance of correct advertising.

You have been advertising from the very first day that you opened your door. Every package of goods that goes out of your shipping department is an advertisement for you; every package that leaves your store is an advertisement for you; the clothes you wear; the things you say; the manner in which you treat your fellow men; the manner in which you walk down the street-are all advertisements in the truest sense of the word.

If an efficient advertising man were to be called by a neighborhood druggist and told to do what he could to increase the profits of the business, the first step, no doubt, would be to see if three or four dollars spent for white paint would not be a good advertisement in the druggist's window. If there was anything about the exterior of the building that might create the impression in the mind of the passer-by that carelessness and slipshod methods prevailed within, that condition would have to be corrected.

The interior of the store often has an unconscious influence either favorable or unfavorable on the prospective customer, and you cannot get correct store atmosphere unless the things therein are right.

The average neighborhood druggist cannot advertise in newspapers profitably because he pays for the total circulation of the paper, and can hardly cash in on more than 5 per cent of the circulation. Many druggists have tried to build up a telephone business, but this has often proved disastrous because the cost of delivery takes the profit from the sale.

If I were a neighborhood druggist I would promote children's contests, outlined pictures

to be filled in with ordinary school crayons, the best and neatest design to receive a box of candy each week or every month. And I would get the candy manufacturer to donate the candy, because in return for it I would give him an advertisement in my window.

I would concentrate on the doctors. I would try to find out when a doctor had a birthday. and every year I would send him a birthday card or any little thing to get his good-will, and all the time I would realize the value of advertising,

Sometimes I wonder if it is because the druggist, as a rule, is better educated than men in other retail lines that he apparently is not the same efficient business man. The average neighborhood druggist will tell you that he is overworked; that the public imposes on him; that people come in to buy stamps and postal cards; and yet a retailer in any other line will tell you that all he wants is to get the people into his store and he will take a chance on sell

ing them. And in most cases he does.J. THOMAS LYONS, Assistant Advertising Manager of the Baltimore News, before the Baltimore Branch of the A. Ph. A.

DRUGGISTS SHOULD KNOW.

I venture to say that there are comparatively few men who have finished their education on the subject of necessary store accounting.

For instance, how many druggists make it a practice to analyze the accounts at sufficient and regular intervals to enable us to know that all of our legitimate expenses are being met out of the business, including the value of the time that we, as owners of our stores, are putting in the business; including the interest charges on the capital that we have invested; that we have in the selling price a sufficient allowance for overhead charges; that such and such a figure is or is not a proper allowance for overhead, and that we are obtaining a surplus of so many per cents?

Do we make it a practice to mark our goods accordingly, with a sufficient margin to accomplish these things?

I wish I had time to read you an article that appeared in the New York Times of December 5. The Wholesale Men's Furnishing Association found that too many men were failing to discount their bills, and that there were too many receiverships and cases of retail busi

nesses being conducted unprofitably. They formed an Advisory and Adjustment Committee, meeting every Tuesday, and made arrangements for all cases of slow-pay accounts to be reported by the retail merchants, and they have found many cases in which helpful suggestions have resulted in putting the business on a paying basis, so that the merchants could discount their bills and obtain loans from the banks, where otherwise that would be impossible. I am quite sure that a committee of "Business Doctors" for the drug business which would seriously consider this situation and put active plans in force would be of benefit to the business.-J. E. ALDRED, before the Baltimore Branch of the A. Ph. A.

LETTERS

AN AUTO-TRUCK AND CANDY SPECIALS. To the Editors:

Quite naturally all druggists are looking for new ideas-ideas that will pull business. I am going to suggest one or two.

We bought a little auto-truck, 6 feet long, fully equipped with rubber tires and all ready for some bright, aggressive kid. We then had several thousand coupons printed and ran an ad. in our local paper outlining our AutoTruck Contest.

We conducted this contest for a period of four months. With every five-cent cash purchase we gave a coupon. During some weeks we advertised certain specials; for instance, on school supplies during a stated period we gave double coupons. In our candy department and at our soda fountain we gave double coupons from the beginning of the contest.

During the last two weeks we offered double coupons on all paid-up accounts. Several "dead ones" responded.

When our contest closed, December 1, we required all coupons to be wrapped in packages of hundreds, with the name of the contestant placed on each package. The contestants were required to be in the store by 8 o'clock on the evening of December 2, when the results would be made known. drew a crowd, for some 25 or 30 contestants were hot on the trail of that auto-truck.

This

The total number of coupons footed 80,100. The entire cost of the contest was not over $35.00.

Here is another idea-a modification of the much-used, nowadays, Candy Special. Six weeks ago we contracted for 40 pounds of fine chocolates in pound boxes, regular retail price 50 cents. We then advertised this as special at 39 cents, Saturday only.

Before 9:30 P.M. every pound was gone. During six weeks we cleaned up over 250 pounds of candy, the average cost being 22 cents by buying quantity deals.

Frequently customers came in and our stock was gone. They bought other and higher priced packages. For instance, I myself had three calls last Saturday for one of our specials, and sold all three of the customers regular lines-one a dollar-and-a-half box, and the other two 80-cent boxes.

We have also run several five-pound, regular $2.50 boxes, special at $1.98, and cleaned them up on our sales.

Now if we can do these things in this small community, why can't the same things be done anywhere? It simply takes willingness, an optimistic outlook, and well-directed effort. Every druggist has all this stored away somewhere in his anatomy.

Last year we opened hot drinks at our fountain. It has paid. We are now serving hot lemonade, malted drinks, coffee, tea, and sandwiches. We put out an average of three dozen sandwiches a day.

In conclusion let me say that the BULLETIN is certainly the home of ideas-ideas solid in real meat. I know, for I have covered considerable territory lately, and when the BULLETIN is mentioned its name always commands instant attention from the wide-awake druggist. J. EARL TAYLOR, Ph.G.