as the publishers. For instance, the Ros-gradation, the despair. We dare not dilate ciad was perfectly unsuccessful at first; on modern days, one trait of which will, only ten copies were sold in five days: at perhaps, suffice. The Pleasures of Hope length Garrick, finding his own praises in it, were refused by every publisher of London patronized it, and then Churchill reaped a and Edinburgh, and were only published, harvest from its sale. Gray's Ode on Eton at last, on condition that the author should College, according to Warton, excited very be content with the sum of ten pounds little attention. What may surprise some only, and that not until a second edition people still more is, that Blair's Sermons had appeared.

were refused by Strahan the publisher. To It is not to be marvelled at that some turn to another class of works: Burns' disappointed, and, perhaps, injured authors, Justice was sold by its author for a small took up the subject of supposed or real sum, for he was weary, as he declared, of wrongs. I say, supposed, for it is a vulgar importuning booksellers to buy it; it now error to assume that authors are always the realizes an annual income. Buchan's Do- injured parties; they are generally exactmestic Medicine was purchased for five ing, often faithless to their engagements, pounds. and move in a body militant against their

In light literature the author was also publishers. Be that as it may, in 1738, a sacrificed to his own penury and eagerness, pamphlet appeared, entitled A Letter to and to the blindness or cupidity of the the Booksellers on the Method of forming publisher. Miss Burney's Evelina, all the a True Judgment of the Manuscripts of world can remember, sold for five pounds; Authors. One cannot help thinking that The Wanderer, by Savage, produced only such a hint, if judiciously given, might not ten; The Vicar of Wakefield was purchased, be without its use even in the present enit is true, for the sum of sixty guineas, but lightened days.

My

it gained not that success until the Traveller Contrasted with the catalogue of needy had made its author's name famous. and disappointed authors, there was a conThe narrow escape which Fielding had of stellation, during the last century, of opuselling his Tom Jones for an "old song," lent and titled aspirants to fame. Horace must not be omitted. He had disposed of Walpole himself graced the profession of a the copyright of that work for twenty-five printer, and the establishment of the pounds, when in great distress. Thomson, Strawberry Hill press shows, at least, how however, happening to see the manuscript, fashionable letters had become. advised his friend to get rid of his bargain, abbey," he wrote, "is a perfect college or promising to introduce the novelist to An- academy. I keep a painter in the house, drew Millar, the eminent publisher. Ac- and a printer." His printing-office was cordingly, Millar and Fielding met at a Mrs. Damer's modelling-room; and the tavern. "Mr. Fielding," said the pub- crafty Horace rendered small editions of lisher, "I always determine on affairs of his works valuable as well by their rarity this sort at once." He paused-the heart as by their originating from the Strawberry of the author sank-Mr. Millar resumed. Hill press. He printed of his Anecdotes of "I cannot offer more than two hundred Painting three hundred copies; the public pounds for your work." "Two hundred called for another edition, he then issued pounds!" cried the delighted Fielding; six hundred, but the demand was diminished and rushing from his chair he shook the by the ready supply, and the volumes republisher by the hand, then turning to the mained on the shelves of their parent author bell, summoned the waiter, and ordered and printer. "I am humbled as an autwo more bottles of wine. Alas, poor thor," said Walpole, "I am vain as a Fielding! there was no saving that ill-printer." starred, ill-conditioned, but most interesting man, from ruin.

But the most fastidious and extravagant of authors was the accomplished, the moral The independence of Fielding was of Lord Lyttleton. How striking the contrast short duration; eventually he borrowed between this peer and the plebeian authors upon his works five hundred pounds from of his time! Whilst they, trembling with Millar, a sum which that generous man cold, hungry, and despairing, hurried off cancelled in his will. their manuscripts to the printer's hands, One sickens over these details, which and scattered their productions, as it were, bring to the mind the heartache of many to the winds, careless of fame, solicitous a true genius, the disappointment, the de- only to live, Lyttleton printed and reprinted

his Life of Henry II., correcting and re-down notes of the speeches. When the correcting with an anxiety which could not House rose, these gentlemen all assembled defend him from the blast of Dr. Johnson's in some neighboring coffee-house, and there criticism. The whole work was printed connected the disjointed scraps which they twice before it was deemed fit for publica- had furtively collected. tion, a part of it three times, and the corrections cost the noble author a thousand pounds.

The Gentleman's Magazine was commenced in 1735, under the title of a Magazine Extraordinary, and prizes were offered for Johnson's Dictionary, which was calcula- the best poem, the first reward being a ted to take three years in its compilation medal worth ten pounds, having the head and printing, required eight for its comple- of Lady Elizabeth Hastings on the one tion, the sum given for it being 15751. side and that of James Oglethorpe on the scarcely 2001. a-year. Out of this Johnson other, with the inscription, " England may had to pay six assistants, to whom he in- challenge the world." It is curious to think trusted the mechanical parts; and of these, how both Lady Elizabeth Hastings and Mr. great as was his prejudice against their Oglethorpe, so worthy of renown as they country, five were Scotchmen. Poor John- must have been in their day, are now clean son had spent the whole sum received for out of remembrance. Johnson became the copyright, and one hundred pounds an early contributor to The Gentleman's more, before this great national work was Magazine, and imbibed a sincere regard concluded. When the last sheet was brought in to Mr. Millar the publisher, he exclaimed, "Thank God, I have done with him!" "I am glad," observed the surly Johnson, when told of this, "that he has thanked God for anything." The receipts for his payment were exhibited at the coffee house sale in which the Dictionary was produced to the trade.

for its publisher. Before he came to London, Johnson had entertained an ardent admiration for the magazine. "He told me,' said Boswell," that when he first saw St. John's Gate, the place where that deservedly-esteemed magazine was originally printed, he beheld it with deep reverence." At St. John's Gate were printed, eventually, the Vanity of Human Wishes and Much more might be said, nay, a volume Irene. For the former, published by Dodsmight be written, upon the singularly de-ley and printed only by Cave, Johnson resultory and wretched lives of writers in the ceived merely fifteen guineas. At St. eighteenth century, and upon their connex- John's Gate was printed also The Rambler, ion with publishers. Among those who that work of extraordinary wisdom, poured had the largest army of hack-writers in his forth from the storehouse of one brain only; pay was Edward Cave, the original reporter for, with the exception of a few contribuand publisher of speeches in parliament, tions from Richardson, Mrs. Chapone, Mrs. and the founder of The Gentleman's Maga- Carter, and Mrs. Catherine Talbot, Johnzine. Cave was a native of Warwickshire, son was the sole author of that periodical. his family residing at Cave-in-the-Hole. Many of these papers were written rapidly, He began life as clerk to a collector of ex- as the moment pressed, without being read cise, and afterwards became a journeyman over in proof. Well might Cave, pleased printer, fulfilling various offices until, in with such an accession to his forces, address time, he attained sufficient means to set up "Mr. Johnson as the Great Rambler, being a printing-office at St. John's Gate, Clerk- the only man who could furnish two such enwell, a print of which still figures on the papers in a week besides his other great bucover of the magazine. In 1728 Cave was siness. Johnson, after the death of his ordered into the custody of the serjeant-at-friend, rewarded this confidence and admiarms for reporting the debates to a country ration by the simple, but touching expresnewspaper, but he contrived to obtain his sion, "Poor, dear Cave!" When a man liberty, and shortly afterwards formed a plan of publishing a regular series of debates, which he perfected, assisted by William Guthrie, of Geographical memory, one of his corps de réserve. The method of reporting, be it observed in passing, was very laborious. Cave used to station himself, with a friend or two, in different parts of the gallery, and there privately take

of Johnson's temperament betrays the latent fund of sentiment and feeling at the bottom of that rugged surface, the effect is very striking.

Like Lintot in regard to his Miscellany, Cave lived for his Magazine. It was the object of his existence; his very power of perception seemed to be absorbed in what related to the "next number." When a

PRUSSIAN EDUCATION AND FREEDOM.-The draft

stranger was introduced to the luminary of tobacco-smoke. The interview with his St. John's Gate he was received by Sylva- supposed equals must have been highly nus Urban, a sobriquet now become immor- gratifying to Johnson's self-complacency. tal, sitting, for Cave rarely condescended to On the whole, however, Johnson prized the rise to company. An ominous silence of shrewd, though rough "Mr. Urban." Not some moments usually succeeded; it was all his want of refinement could conceal broken by the voice of Urban, who, putting Cave's real sagacity, nor his love of an hona leaf of the forthcoming number into his est profit obliterate his native liberality of visitor's hand, asked his opinion of it: such feeling. Even his absurdities-his buying was his custom. Upon becoming acquainted an old coach, and a pair of still more anwith Johnson he was anxious to dazzle the cient horses, and, that he might escape the new auxiliary with the lustre of his fellow- imputation of pride, his displaying a res laborers in the magazine. By Cave the presentation of St. John's Gate by way of powers and acquirements of Johnson were arms, on the panel of his carriage,-not not, they could not be, comprehended. even his admiration for Sunday Thoughts, Moses Browne, who was originally a pen- could banish from Johnson's heart the concutter, and who wrote the Piscatory Ec-viction of Cave's worth when living, nor, logues in the Gentleman's Magazine, having after death, dull the regrets which one obtained thereby Cave's first prize (those feels for the loss of a true, although a prosame eclogues delighting many an elderly voking friend. "One of the last acts of gentleman of yore,) was, in Urban's eyes, reason he exerted," said Johnson, when penone of the first of men. Browne was also ning Cave's eulogy, "was fondly to press the well known for his series of devout contem- hand that is now writing this little narrative." plations called Sunday Thoughts, sncered at by Johnson, who said he thought he should himself write Monday Thoughts. Then there was a reputable list of useful and learned contributors. Rev. Wil"Art. 16. Participation in civil and political liam Rider, who wrote the papers styled rights can in nothing be affected by the religious Philaigyrus; Mr. Adam Calamy, who profession of individuals or their affiliation to any distinguished his essays by the super-civil and political duties shall no longer be affected religious society whatever; the accomplishment of scription, "A consistent Protestant;" the by these circumstances. Liberty of creed and of antiquary Pegge; and last, not least, the worship is guaranteed to all Prussians. justly celebrated Akenside, and the unhappy Boyse, the author of a poem called dependent before the State, as to its internal affairs and the administration of its revenues. The relathe Deity. Poor Beyse! his history was a tions of these societies with their chiefs are free. sad exemplification of the improvident man The promulgation of their ordinances is subjected of letters. His life, his death, were con- to no other conditions than any other publication. sistent. He was a translator, and often by the time that a sheet of his work was done, he had pawned the original. Johnson once redeemed his clothes for him, collecting the sum needful by shillings. Boyse was at that time sitting up in bed, with his arms through holes in the blankets, writing verses to procure the means of existence. cording to one account he was found dead in his bed, in the act of writing, a pen in his hand, his arms through the accustomed holes; but Johnson alleges that he was run gulates the whole of this matter in conformity with “Art. 23. A special law concerning teaching reover by a coach in a state of intoxication-the principles thereupon laid down."

Ac

Constitution for Prussia comprehends the following articles relative to the liberty of worship and of in

struction:

"Art. 17. Every religious society is free and in

educational establishments. Preventive measures "Art. 20. Every one is free to teach and to found are prohibited in this respect. Parents and tutors are held responsible for giving elementary instruction to their children and pupils; but they may have them instructed and brought up where they will, and this right can in no manner be restricted.

"Art. 21. The expense of the establishment,'maintenance, and development of the popular schools, is borne by the communes and subsidiarily by the State. "Art. 22. The public popular schools, and all other public instructional establishments, are placed under the control of special authorities, and are free from all ecclesiastical control.

a dismal choice of an exit on either hand! The Rhenish Catholic Clergy have declared themTo this goodly crew Johnson was introduced selves not satisfied with these. An ultramontane by Cave, at an alehouse near Clerkenwell, protest to the National Assembly, complaining that association formed at Cologne has addressed a strong where, wrapped up in a horseman's coat, the draft of the constitution does not expressly and wearing a bushy, unbecoming wig, the guarantee the inviolability of the property of each "Great Rambler" beheld his lettered asso-church, and that, instead of granting unlimited liberciates, Mr. Moses Browne conspicuous at for instruction under the control of special authority of teaching, it places the public establishments the head of them, enveloped in a cloud of ties, and frees them from ecclesiastical authority,

From the Westminster and Foreign Quarterly Review.

THE SCHLESWIG AND HOLSTEIN QUESTION.

1. On the Relations of the Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein to the Crown of Denmark and the German Confederation, and on the Treaty Engagements of the great European Powers in reference thereto. By Travers Twiss, D.C.L., F.R.S., Fellow of University College, Oxford, and Advocate in Dector's Commons. London: Longman and Co.

1848.

2. Germany Unmasked; or Facts and Evidences explanatory of her real Views in seeking to wrest Schleswig from Denmark. London: Pelham, Richardson, Cornhill. 1848.

of this country are greatly interested.*

THE King of Prussia, and several of the chiefly so, and that a connexion with Gerpowers composing part of the Germanic many is therefore more popular with this Confederation, have invaded the territories portion of the inhabitants of the two duchof the King of Denmark, under the plea ies than their present union with Denmark. that the duchies of Schleswig and Hol- The transcendental politicians of Germany stein, which have hitherto been regarded as have argued the question as one of law and important portions of the kingdom of of principle; and we purpose to follow their Denmark, are "male fiefs," and do not example: warning the reader that the real admit of the succession of "females." object of the Germans is to gain possession Learned professors have delivered lectures, of the sea-ports of the two provinces, and in various German universities, on the thereby so to affect the trade of Hamburg intricacies and niceties of the feudal sys- as to force it to surrender its privileges as a tem; and students have rushed from the free port, and join the Customs Union of lecture-rooms to enforce the doctrines of the Zoll Verein: a question in which, it is their teachers, by enrolling themselves in hardly necessary to observe, the merchants armed bands to attack the territory of a king who will not inscribe on his banners, "No women allowed to govern here." all the pretexts for war ever heard of, this is perhaps the most preposterous. A people ruled by absolute princes, who denied. to them, until the revolution of France in February last, any of the powers of selfgovernment-trial by jury, or freedom of the press-affect to be incensed at the indignity offered to the feudal law, and alarmed at the possibility that at some interval of time, in some territory in which they have no political authority, or right to interfere, the doctrines relating to "male fiefs" may be disregarded. The trade of central Europe is suspended, fire and sword are carried into the territory of Denmark, lest a princess shall become a queen, and govern Schleswig and Holstein.

In the abstract we are about to give of Of the historical events in relation to the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein, we rely principally on the work of Dr. Twiss; and

"It is not a little curious that the designs of Germany upon Holstein and Schleswig should have found their greatest degree of development in the self-same year which witnesses the termination of the treaty of trade and navigation between England and the Zoll Verein, and which the latter has already signified through Prussia its intention not this point the author of a pamphlet entitled, “The to renew upon the same terms. With reference to Zoll Verein, with its Baltic Ports and Hamburg" (the wish being father to the thought as regards the latter and Kiel), published in Berlin, in 1845, ob

serves

A year is approaching which must be of the greatest consequence for the Zoll Verein, the year 1848. in that year terminates not only the important treaty of navigation concluded between England and the It is not that there is at present a queen out modifications; but also the treaties which EngZoll Verein, and which will hardly be renewed withof Denmark; it is not that the liberties of land has entered into with the northern maritime the people are in danger; it is not that States of Germany: so that in respect as well of the any German expects such a queen to be the position which the Zoll Verein will be able to assume leader of an army against Germany; it is in its external relations, as of the question whether not that any law has been passed injurious tached from the Union, the year 1848 must be to the trade, commerce, property or privi- regarded as one in which a struggle will take place leges of the people, that the peace of Eu-respecting the honor and greatness of the common rope has been broken. It is not even on whether Germany is to be further divided, or to take fatherland-in which the question must be decided the fairer ground that the population of a step towards greater unity.""-Germany UnmaskSchleswig is partly German, and Holstein ed, p. 17.

the northern maritime states shall be still more de

if we do not always refer to particular pages of his publication, it is not with a view to evade our obligation to him. He has been compelled, from the nature of his argument, to enter into details and to reply to objections which it is not necessary for us to notice. He has tracked those he dissents from to their innermost recesses, and has left to others to enforce the judgment, which, though it is a merit of his argument to be inevitable, might have been more distinctly delivered. But if this be a defect, it is yet a sign of the candor and impartiality of his examination of the subject.

We may premise, however, and shall subsequently explain, that the whole legal question, without any reference whatever to remote historical facts, is properly determinable by ascertaining in what hands the sovereign power over Holstein and Schleswig is vested.

All that could be strictly required, in or

upon the eventual failure of male heirs to the present duke, King Frederick VII. of Denmark, and to his uncle, prince Ferdinand, the duchy will and to the exclusion of the sons of the sisters of vest in the male heirs of the younger royal line, the late king, the first cousin of the present duke. It has further been contended, that the connexion of Schleswig and the duchy of Holstein is more close and fundamental than that which exists between Schleswig and the crown of Denmark; and that as Holstein was an ancient fief of the German empire, and could not vest in females, or be transmitted through females to their male heirs, but must descend to the next heirs of the male line, so Schleswig, being inseparably [?] connected with Holstein, must likewise devolve to the male line, to the exclusion of the female succession."―p. 52.

The Duchy of Schleswig contains 3,444 square miles; its population (1847) 362,000, of which 180,000 are Danes, and 26,000 Frises. Its chief town is Flensburg, of which the population, a few years since, was about 16,500.

der to determine whether the conduct of The Duchy of Holstein contains 3,223 the new Diet of Germany, or Frankfort square miles; its population (1847) 479,Parliament, in this matter, were right or 364, who are mainly Germans. Its chief wrong, would be merely to advance sufficient town is Altona, which contains upwards of proof to negative its right of sovereignty 25,000 inhabitants. over the internal affairs of the two duchies. The Duchy of Lauenburg, belonging to This being done, any discussion on the an- Denmark, south of Holstein, is not to be cient feudal condition of the duchies, how-disregarded in this dispute, and contains ever interesting as illustrating a past state 462 square miles, and a population of upof society and the political changes it has wards of 30,000.

--

undergone, might with perfect propriety be. The form of government existing in Dendisregarded in any ultimate conclusion. mark has been thus described :We cannot concur with Dr. Twiss, that any part of the case gives rise to any "most intricate question," though it may have led "to laborious publicistic researches" among many learned Germans, who, in illustrating the institutions of the darker ages, have been unable to emerge from the mist of their pursuits.

The questions in issue are thus stated by Dr. Twiss :

"Denmark is an absolute and hereditary monarchy, founded on three fundamental laws,-the Act of Sovereignty of 1661, the King's Law (Kong Lowen, or Lex Regia) of 1665, solemnly ratified by the whole nation; and the Native Subject's Law (Ind fotts retten) of 1776. As Duke of Holstein and Lauenburg, the king is a member of the German Confederation, holds the tenth rank in point of precedency, has three votes in the full assemblies of the Diet, pays a yearly quota of 2,000 florins (about £90), towards the expenses of the confederation, and furnishes a contingent of "The prospective failure of male heirs of the 3,900 men to the 10th corps of the confederate elder royal line of the house of Oldenburg, which army. The sovereign must be of the Augsburg has now occupied the throne of Denmark for four confession of faith, and must uphold its ascendencomplete centuries, has given rise to very animated cy in his dominions. He attains his majority on discussions as to the eventual succession in the reaching his fourteenth year: descendants in the duchy of Schleswig upon the extinction of the male line succeed in preference to females. The male line of the elder branch. It has been main-sovereign fixes the allowances to be made to the tained, that the succession in the duchy is governed members of the royal family of his own free will; by the same law, since 1721, as the succession of the crown of Denmark; and that upon the possible failure of male heirs, the duchy will descend to the female heir of Frederick III., according to the law of succession known as the lex regia; whilst, on the other side, it is contended that the duchy has a law of succession distinct from and at variance with the provisions of the lex regia, and that

all legislative and administrative acts proceed from his own free will and pleasure. The nobility consist of one duke, nineteen counts, and twelve barons. In Holstein and Schleswig, there is an equestrian community of about twenty seignorial families, who enjoy the rents and profits of all the sequestrated monastic estates, to the amount of several millions of dollars per annum, and exclude