party, or who would pander to the depraved the face of this man upon the occasion of taste of the mob of readers, or rather we the well-known story of the equivoque should say of the reading mob, and become brought about with his band between himthe tools of the newspapers or of the book-self and his double. sellers. The drama was suffering perhaps In 1728, the "Beggar's Opera" threw more than any other class of literature by masquerades and pantomime into the shade. the debasement of the public taste. Mas Lavinia Fenton, formerly an obscure acquerades had also been introduced by the tress, to whom was given the part of Polly, celebrated John James Heidegger at the became an object of general admiration and Opera House, as a new attraction to popu- within a short time was elevated to the larity, and in a short time became the rage rank of Duchess of Bolton. This was a of the town. Every one seemed to relish fine subject for the pen and pencil of satirthe saturnalia, in which all ranks and class-ists. Hogarth caricatured Gay's opera in a es, in outward disguise at least, mixed to- print, representing the actors with the heads gether in indiscriminate confusion, where, of animals, and Apollo and the Muses fast to use the words of a contemporary writer, asleep under the stage. Others, with the same profound wisdom and unfathomable self-complacency, that has been exhibited in tracing cause to effect in the case of the adventures of Jack Sheppard, hesitated not to ascribe all the street-robberies of the day to the influence of the "Beggar's Opera." Mist's journal of the 2nd of March, justly attributed such surmises to "certain people of an envious disposition."

"Fools, dukes, rakes, cardinals, fops, Indian queens, Belles in tye-wigs, and lords in Harlequins, Troops of right honorable porters come,

And garter'd small coal-merchants crowd the room;
Valets stuck o'er with coronets appear,
Lacqueys of state, and footmen with a star;
Sailors of quality with judges mix,

And chimney-sweepers drive their coach and six:
Statesmen, so used at court the mask to wear,

Now condescend again to use it here;

Idiots turn conjurers, and courtiers clowns,
And sultans drop their handkerchiefs to nuns."

By Pope and others, Gay was looked upon only as a new instance of the sacrifice Although the masquerade soon became of literary genius to party feelings, and Mr. more than a figurative leveller of society, Wright remarks, that the treatment he exthat sharpers and women of ill-repute gain-perienced, perhaps led in some measure to ed admission, and that nightly scenes of the appearance of those remarkable literary robbery, quarrels, and scandalous licen- productions which agitated the world for tiousness occurred, still Heidegger was ca- several years. "The Travels of Gulliver," ressed by the court and the nobility, and published in 1727, was followed the same gained both money and honors. Heideg- year by Pope's "Treatise on the Bathos," ger's ugliness was an especial subject of which again was followed by the same aucaricature, but he shared this unenviable thor's "Dunciad." Caricature takes, hownotoriety with other foreigners, for in those ever, generally a more limited field than days, as in actual times, singers and dan- satire, and Hogarth's grotesque coarseness cers from Italy obtained large sums of mo- in his sketch of the dancing attitudes of ney, and returned to build themselves pala- Monsieur Desnoyer and the Signora Barbeces at home, while first-rate actors at Drury rini, is a relief to Mr. Wright's disquisiLane or Lincoln's-Inn Fields, experienced tion on the wide-extending empire of dula difficulty in obtaining respectable audi- ness. For the same reason we will pass over Fielding's "Pasquin," a direct lam

ences.

It was the degeneracy of the stage at this poon on government, brought out in 1727, period which brought forward the satirical and the attacks on the "Dunciad," altalents of Hogarth, then a young man. In though provocative of some good things 1723, immediately after the appearance of from Hogarth. the pantomime of "Doctor Faustus," at The division among the Whigs, and the Lincoln's-Inn-Fields, he published his plate formation of a party of discontents under

of "Masquerades and Operas," with the Pulteney and Bolingbroke, under the name gate of Burlington House in the background. of Patriots, filled the country towards the In 1725 he published his "Just View of the end of George I.'s reign, and during the British Stage," and in 1727, a large "Mas- early years of George II., with seditious querade Ticket," bitterly satirical on the attacks in every variety of shape, and again immoral tendency of masquerades, as well roused the mob into importance. In Deas on their manager, Heidegger. A sketch cember, 1726, the coalesced statesmen by Hogarth has preserved and immortalized started a political paper under the title of

HISTORY ILLUSTRATED BY CARICATURE.

the Craftsman, and the violence of Boling- most of them the Pope, the Devil, and their [Doc broke's and Pulteney's pens, and the pro-associates figure as the prime movers of the vokingly personal character of the opposi- rebellion, and all were more or less elaborate. tion, kept increasing till 1731, when the Hogarth, however, carried away the palm king became so incensed at these virulent over all competitors. attacks, that he instituted a prosecution Finchley," his" City Trained Bands," and His March to against the paper. The adhesion of Frede- other similar caricatures, are too well known rick, Prince of Wales, to the Patriots, in to require notice. 1737, gave to them a great increase of influence. The foreign policy of the minister was especially made the subject of caricature. The Spaniard paring the British lion's nails, an Englishman fighting with a Spaniard, while a Dutchman is picking his pocket, the political " Jack the Giant Killer," and "Hosier's Ghost," are good examples of the caricatures of the day which culminated in "The Motion," one of the most spirited caricatures of the time, which bore reference to an attempt made on the 13th of February, 1741, to oust out the ministry. The opposition retaliated, but not very successfully.

To these succeeded the caricatures, which were very numerous, on the affairs of Maria Theresa, the English ones being in her favor, those printed on the continent against her. In one of the most spirited of the latter, the queen is represented as a ragged gipsy (Bohémienne) offering her jewels to the King of France, who replies disdainfully, "Portez les a Pompadour." It was in the midst of this hurly-burly abroad, that Walpole's power was at length broken. His fall was celebrated by a variety of caricatures. In one called "Bob, the political Balance Master," the fallen minister is decked in his coronet, and seated at one end of a balance, held up by Britannia, who sits mourning over sleeping trade. At the other end of the balance sits Justice, who is unable to weigh down effectually the bulky peer, assisted as he is by his bags of treasure; but in spite of this help, his position is critical, and in his terror he cries out to the Evil One, who appears above, "Oh! help thy faithful servant, Bob !" Satan gives him a look anything but encouraging, and, holding out an axe, replies to his invocation, "This is thy due!"

in 1752, a new subject for political satire The naturalization of the Jews became, and caricature. in 1754 will ever be memorable in the hisThe elections that followed tory of art, as having given rise to Hogarth's four capital prints of the humors of an election. The satires and caricatures that followed upon such serious subjects as the American war with France, the accession of William Pitt to power, the seven years' war, and the conquest of Canada, which all preceded the death of George II., were curiously diversified by the episode of Beer versus Gin, which gave origin to HoLane." garth's prints of "Beer Street" and "Gin

sumed a more domestic and incidental chaThe subjects of satire and caricature asracter during the latter years of the reign of George II. and the first of George III. than they had previously done. Satires upon quackery and credulity were quickly succeeded by the Cock Lane Ghost; exaggerated fashions, hoop petticoats, and great head-dresses, alternated with the stage and the opera; Garrick and Quin, Handel and Foote; and the literary quarrels of Churchhill, Smollett, Johnson, and Chatterton.

Pitt as

of the reign of George III. were William The political heroes of the first ten years Pitt, Lord Bute, and John Wilkes. It was a period at which factions raged with extraordinary violence, and satire and caricatures were largely used as weapons in the virulent party warfare then going on. the distressed statesman, and as Gulliver in a bubble flight, Bute's patronage of Scotchmen, the well-known head of the editor of the North Briton, the Cumberland tool, and the now perpetually recurring Fox's heads, are the staple subjects of the day.

The ministerial changes and promotions terized the duration of the North administraThe violent political agitation that characthat ensued upon the fall of the Walpole tion was succeeded by the dispute with the administration also afforded a fertile sub- American colonies-a rather sore subject ject for caricatures and satires. But the for caricature, but not the less made use of. rebellion of '45 and the military prepara- The tea bill was represented in popular tions made to resist the progress of the squibs and caricatures as a bitter dose, young Pretender, were the theme of by which Lord North was forcing upon an unfar the happiest efforts. Some of the latter willing patient usque ad nauseam. caricatures are exceedingly laughable. In caricature published with the "Westmin

In a

her distress.

ster Magazine" for April, 1774, under the are seen the fortifications of Brest, with the title of theWhitehall Pump," poor Bri- guillotine raised on its principal tower, and tannia is thrown down upon her child, the devil dancing over it, and playing the America, while Lord North, who was re- tune of "Over de vater to Charley!" markable for the shortness of his vision, Numerous pictures were also published to viewing her through his glass, is pumping show the disastrous state of things to be ex(tea) upon her, and appears to be enjoying pected in this country when the Whigs should have helped the French to the masThe songs of the renowned Captain Mor- tery. Of these, the most remarkable was ris, the O. P. riots, and caricatures in a series of four plates, engraved by Gillray, reference to Rodney's triumphs, to "Honest and said (in the corner of each plate) to be Sam House, the publican," to the Duchess "invented " by Sir John Dalrymple. They of Devonshire's political ardor, to Farmer are entitled "The Consequences of a SucGeorge and his wife, to Burke, Grattan, cessful French Invasion." The first repreand Flood, and those in reference to the sents the House of Commons occupied by Warren Hastings affair, and to the Regency the triumphant democrats, the mace, requestion, give great relief to those virulent cords, and other furniture of the house, are and never-ending political squabbles which, involved in one common destruction, and what between state coalitions, back stairs' the members are fettered in pairs, in the influence, the enmity of Pitt and Fox, and garb of convicts, ready for transportation to the opposed interest of father and son, con- Botany Bay. In the second, the House of stituted the great features of George the Lords is the scene of similar havoc; a guilThird's reign, and attained a culminating lotine, supported by two Turkish mutes point with the progress of the French revo- with their bows, occupies the place of the lution and the war with France. Gillray throne; and the commander-in-chief, in his was to the latter part of the epoch what full republican uniform, pointing to the Hogarth had been to George the Second's mace, says to one of his creatures, Here, reign. take away this bauble; but if there be any It is curious in present times, when the gold in it, send it to my lodging." In the immediate proximity of a great and war- third plate, the good people of England, in like nation, exceedingly vain-glorious, easily rags and wooden shoes, are forced to till excited, and deeply imbued with national the ground, while their proud republican prejudices, combine with the change that task-masters follow them with a whip. The has been given to maritime defences by the fourth is a lesson for Ireland; having come introduction of steam, and the unfortified over with the specious pretext of delivering state of the British coasts, to cause serious the Catholic faith from Protestant supreapprehensions of an invasion to be enter- macy; they abuse the Catholic clergy and tained by many thinking persons, to read plunder and profane their churches. in Mr. Wright's amusing work, the humor- The successes of the British navy filled ous effects produced by the many invasions all hearts, except those of the Whig leadwith which we were threatened during the ers, with hope and joy. Gillray immorFirst Revolution and the supremacy of talizes these successes in the rather coarse Bonaparte. Gillray came out on these vein of humor of the day, as “John Bull popular topics in all his strength. A cari- taking a luncheon; or, British cooks cramcature published on the 1st of February, ming old Grumble-Gizzard with bonne 1798, under the title of the "Storm Ris- chère." John sitting at his well-furnished ing; or the Republican Flotilla in danger," table, is almost overwhelmed by the zealous represents Fox, Sheridan, and their allies, attentions of his (naval) cooks, foremost drawing the enemy's flotilla to our coast among whom, the hero of the Nile, is offerby means of a capstan and cable, while ing him a "fricasee à la Nelson,”—a large Pitt, from above, is blowing up a storm that dish of battered French ships of the line. is to drive it away-in the winds we disco- The other admirals, in their characters of ver the names of Duncan, Howe, Gardiner, cooks, are crowding round, and we distin&c. The flotilla has in front the flag of guish among their contributions to John's "liberty," but the flag behind is inscribed table, "fricando à la Howe," "dessert à as that of "Slavery." The turrets and la Warren," "Dutch cheese à la Duncan," bulwarks represent "murder," "plunder," and a variety of other dishes, " à la Vin"beggary," and a number of other similar cent," "à la Bridport," "à la Gardiner," prospects. On the other side of the water &c. John Bull is deliberately snapping up

a frigate at a mouthful, and he is evidently depredator. Visions of headless bodies fattening upon his new diet; he exclaims, crowd around. Lord Hawkesbury's hand, as his cooks gather round him, "What! as he signs the peace, is guided by Pitt. more frigasees! - why you rogues you, On one side Justice has received a strong where do you think I shall find room to dose of physic. On another, we see St. stow all you bring in ?" Beside him stands Paul's in flames. And here the long gaunt an immense jug of "true British stout" to form of Death treading in stilts (two spears) wash them down, and behind him a picture on the roast beef and other good things of of "Bonaparte in Egypt," suspended Old England. At the foot of Wyndham's against the wall, is concealed by Nelson's bed, Fox, as an imp of darkness, gives the hat, which is hung over it. Through the serenade. The figure of the ominous serewindow we see Fox and Sheridan running nader is absurdly grotesque. Gillray's imps away in dismay at John Bull's voracity. are perfectly original, as is also seen in the caricature entitled "We are the Assessed Taxes." A caricature which enjoyed an unusual degree of popularity, and with which Bonaparte himself is said to have been highly amused was "The First Kiss this ten Years; or, the Meeting of Britannia and Citizen François."

The results of the battle of the Nile led many to entertain hopes that Bonaparte would never be able to get back to his own country. Gillray published a caricature on the 20th of November, entitled "Fighting for the Dunghill; or, Jack Tar settling Bonaparte," in which Jack is manfully disputing his enemy's right to supremacy over The invasion threatened in 1803 called the world; the nose of the latter gives forth a far greater number of songs, satires, evident proof of "punishment." Jack Tar and caricatures than any that preceded. has his advanced foot on Malta, while Every kind of wit and humor were brought Bonaparte is seated, not very firmly, on into play to keep up the national zeal. Turkey. Gillray's idea of a French repub- Gillray, on his side, represented King lican was so original that it became the George as the King of Brobdignag, eyeing foundation of all attempts to caricature our his diminutive assailant with contempt. enemies for many years. A caricature by Other caricatures represented the blustering the same hand remains to commemorate the invader in the same character. In a fine enreturn of Bonaparte from Egypt and the graving by Gillray, bearing the same title overthrow of the French Directory; it was as the one just mentioned, "The King of published on the 21st of November, 1799, Brobdignag and Gulliver," the diminutive and is entitled "Exit Liberté à la Fran- boaster is seen attempting to manoeuvre his çaise or, Bonaparte closing the farce of small boat in a basin of water, to the great Egalité at St. Cloud, near Paris, Novem- amusement of King George and his court. ber 10th, 1799." The peace of Amiens Jack Tar's impatience for the French to was celebrated by Gillray in a caricature come out was set forth in a caricature by entitled "Preliminaries of Peace; or, John the same hand, in which John Bull is repreBull and his little Friend marching to sented as taking to the sea in person, to Paris." The little friend is Lord Hawkes- chant the serenade of defiance. The head bury, who is leading the way across the of Bonaparte is just seen over the battlechannel, over a rotten and broken plank; ment, uttering the threat which he had now John Bull accompanied by Fox and all the been repeating several weeks, "I'm a comapprovers of the negotiations, allows him- ing! I'm a coming!" His boats are safely self to be led by the nose, while Britannia's stowed up under the triple fort in which he shield and a number of valuable conquests has ensconced himself for personal security, are thrown into the water as useless. An- and John Bull taunts with no little ill-huother caricature of similar import was en- mor. Gillray also published several caricatitled "Political Dreamings; Visions of tures setting forth the consequences of the Peace! Perspective Horrors!" Wynd- landing of Bonaparte. In one, our brave ham, says Mr. Wright, had described in volunteers are driving him and his army into strong language the evils which the peace would draw down upon this country, and as embodied in this picture, they are certainly fearful. The preliminaries are endorsed as "Britannia's Death Warrant;" and she herself is seen in the clouds dragged off to the guillotine for execution by the Corsican

the sea. In another,, entitled "Bonaparte forty-eight Hours after Landing," John Bull is represented bearing the bleeding head of the invader in triumph on his pike. In a third the king, in his hunting garb, is holding up the Corsican fox, which he has hunted down with his good hounds Nelson,

Vincent, &c. Bonaparte is said to have able political satire of Pope's friend, Dr. been much offended with some of these cari- Arbuthnot, first took his modern pictorial catures, which were often coarsely personal, form under Gillray. But the plump, sleek, and the first consul was particularly sensi- good-humored individual of that great artive to anything like ridieule against him- tist, had a more coarse and vulgar air comself or his family. municated to him by Rowlandson. WoodAs Gillray was disappearing from the ward, however, restored the original idea of scene, a number of clever caricaturists sup- the personification of Old England. plied his place. The Rowlandsons, Wood- thing can be happier than that artist's wards, and Cruikshanks, and their compa-" Genial Rays; or, John Bull Enjoying nions, continued to assail our foreign ene- the Sunshine," which represents the sun mies with numerous caricatures during 1807 of patriotism shining in its full glory, and and 1808. John Bull, who seems to have lusty, happy John Bull reclining on a bed been brought into existence by the admir- of roses and basking joyously in its rays.

No

From Hogg's instructor.

WOLFGANG MOZART..

sister," said he, with a sad voice, “in what manner our mother gave us our breakfast this morning, and how she sighed when I said, 'Nothing but bread again?""

UPON a beautiful morning in the month of April, 1762, a little girl about eight years of age, and a boy about two years her junior, descended the vine-covered bank of Kosoheez, at the foot of which murmured and "Yes, my brother," replied the little flowed the pure and rapid waters of the river girl, shaking her pretty head and sighing, Moldau, which loses itself in the ancient" she wept-I saw her tears, and her look, forest of Bohemia. Instead of dancing on which seemed to say, 'There is even no their path with all that lively gaiety so more bread in the house, so you must be common to young people of their age, these content.' But wherefore do you weep?" two children held each other by the hand, added the little girl, suddenly melting into and walked slowly along, with thoughtful tears at the sight of her brother's emotion. brows, and downcast eyes, and the gravity "I weep because you do so," replied of years stamped upon their faces; yet all Wolfgang, in his turn; and then he added, the easy grace, candor, and simplicity of "I grieve, too, that I have not bread childhood were observable in their counten- enough for my breakfast." ances and motions. Their dress announced "Poor little thing," said his sister, kissthe poverty of their condition. The little ing the tears from his eyes, and fondling girl's robes were faded and worn, while those him, as if she had been twenty instead of of the boy were patched with cloths of dif- only two years his senior, "you are never ferent colors at both knees and elbows. without some great grief; but come, let us Nevertheless, poor though they seemed, it wander below the green spreading branches was easy to be perceived that a kind and of the tall trees, and pluck the little flowers attentive mother had tastefully combed and which peep from the clustered grass that braided their long, fair ringlets, and had grows beneath them; and you shall eat washed their delicate hands, and handsome, what bread you have, and we shall wreathe intelligent faces-thus investing poverty our brows with blossoms, and forget that we with its chiefest dignity and grace, that of are hungry."

personal cleanliness. They held in their As she spoke, Fredrika led her brother hands each a large piece of bread, upon into the forest-path that skirted the margin which from time to time they cast their of the Kosoheez, and began to cull the wild eyes without venturing to eat. When they blossoms from its banks, and to laugh in had reached the foot of the descent, and the fulness of her joy. High overhead were about to seek shelter beneath the towered the ash, fir, and elm trees, and the green boughs of the forest-trees, the little golden sunbeams struggled through their boy broke silence. "Did you remark, my openings, and fell upon the moss-grown