"We declare

"1. That labor creates all wealth, but the laborer does not receive his due share of the wealth he produces; therefore,

"2. To enable him to secure his full rights he must unite with his fellow-workers, so as to accomplish by united action what is impossible by individual effort."

Convention. The convention meets annually. Locals are entitled to 1 delegate for the first 50 members or less, and 1 additional delegate for each 50 members or majority fraction thereof. No local can have more than 3 delegates. A local may cast its 2 or 3 votes in the convention by 1 delegate. Since the reorganization of 1899 no proxies are allowed. The expenses of the delegates are borne by the locals. The international union pays the expenses of the general president and secretary-treasurer.

A delegate must have been a member for at least 6 months, unless his local has been organized within that time. A local can not be represented unless it has been chartered 45 days and has paid 1 month's per capita tax.

Constitutional amendments.-All amendments of the constitution must be referred to popular vote. A majority decides. It is apparently necessary that all amendments be first acted upon by the convention.

Officers.-The officers are a president, seven vice-presidents, and a secretary-treasurer. All are elected by the convention, and together they constitute the executive board. The convention also elects the managing editor of the official journal. No two of the vice-presidents may come from the same town or city.

The president is general organizer, and has also power to decide all questions of law and to regulate any controversy between local unions or between a local union and the general body, subject to appeal to the executive board and to further appeal to the convention.

The secretary-treasurer is required to submit a monthly itemized statement of receipts and expenditures to the local unions, and an annual itemized statement to the convention. He is forbidden to retain more than $100 in his possession at any time. All further sums must be deposited in some responsible bank in his name as secretary-treasurer. He may not pay any bill until it has been countersigned by the president. He must give a bond in some surety company for $2,000; the cost of it is paid by the union. His salary is $125 a month.

Joint executive boards.-Wherever more than one local exists in a town a local joint executive board may be formed with full power to adjust all differences between locals and between members and their employers. Two locals of the same craft-waiters or bartenders-existing in the same town are directed to elect a joint committee to investigate the qualifications of applicants for membership. All the locals in a city must hold a joint meeting at least once a year.

Membership.-Colored persons are received as members, but are organized in separate locals. The constitution provides that if a member of a colored local moves to a city where no local of his craft or race exists he shall remain a member of the local in the city from which he came. Every alien member is required to make a declaration of his intention to become a citizen, and to perfect his naturalization as soon as the law permits.

Discipline. Charges against a member must be made in writing and examined by a special committee of five, with notice to both parties and examination of witnesses. If the committee reports that the charges are sustained, in whole or in part, the accused has the privilege of speaking before the local in his own defense. He must then retire, and, after the committee has read the charges which it sustains, the president puts to a vote, first, the recommendation of the committee, then the proposition of expulsion, and then, if that fails, such minor penalty as the union may deem fit. A two-thirds vote is required to condemn to any penalty. If charges are made by the members of any local against members of another local, they are tried by the general executive board.

Members condemned by their locals may appeal to the general executive board; its decision is final. If the board undertakes to discipline a local union, the local may appeal to the general convention.

It is forbidden to fine any individual member more than $10 or any local more than $1 per capita.

Finances. Every new local pays a charter fee of $5. Out of the initiation fee of every new member 15 cents is paid to the international organization. The per capita tax is 7 cents a month. It was 5 cents a month up to 1900.

The initiation fee of local unions can not be less than $2, except in the case of new locals, which may regulate the initiation fee for themselves during the first 60 days. Local dues may not be less than 50 cents a month. Locals of waitresses may have an initiation fee as low as $1 and dues as low as 25 cents a month.

Members are in bad standing when they are over 60 days in arrears, and must

pay a reinstatement fee of 15 cents to the international union. A local union stands suspended when it is 2 months in arrears. The general executive board has power to reinstate a local, suspended for nonpayment, on settlement in full and payment of $1 additional.

The receipts for the year ending April 30, 1901, were $10,742, and the expenditures $7,349. The cash balance at the end of the year was $3,675. Local funds on hand were reported by 48 local unions; they amounted to $16,026.

Benefits. During the fiscal year 1899-1900 about $4,600 was reported as paid out in sick and death benefits, and about $1,900 as presented to other labor organizations. These sums seem to represent payments by the local unions. The national body provides no benefits.

Reports received by the secretary from 60 locals in April, 1901, showed that 18 of these locals had sick and death funds, 3 sick funds only, and 6 death funds only, besides 3 which levy an assessment of $1 a member for burial purposes, when a death occurs. The death benefits reported range from $15 to $100. The sick benefits vary from medical attendance and medicines to $6 a week for from 3 to 13 weeks. One local reported no time limit. $3,209 had been expended from sick funds since May 1, 1900, and $2,416 from death funds.

Strikes and boycotts.-The union declares that it will render financial support only to strikes which have received the sanction of the general executive board before being ordered. No detailed procedure for the inauguration of strikes is provided in the constitution.

The constitution provides that no local union shall, under any circumstances, be permitted to declare a boycott.

During April, 1901, the secretary received reports from 60 of the 180 locals of the organization, showing that 25 strikes had been conducted by these locals since May 1, 1900, and that 16 of them had been won, 2 compromised, and 3 lost, while 4 were still pending. Four hundred and thirty-seven persons were reported to have been involved in the strikes, 469 to have been benefited, and 23 to have been worsted. An average gain in wages of $1 a member a week was reported, and reductions of hours by from 1 to 5 a day. The cost of strikes was reported as $5,081.

Hours and wages.-Reports received by the secretary in April, 1901, from 60 locals, show hours of labor ranging from 8 to 13 a day, with 6, 64, and 7 days' work a week, averaging 11 hours a day and 6 days a week. Wages were reported varying from $15 to $75 a month with board, and, without board, from $7 to $25 a week, and from $30 to $122 a month. The latter figure was exceptional, however, and the average was said by the secretary to be about $40 a month without board. Official journal.-The union publishes an official journal called the Mixer and Server. It is an 8-page paper, published monthly. One page is regularly filled with the financial report of the secretary-treasurer. A considerable part of the paper is filled with letters from representatives of local unions, giving general information about the state of affairs in their localities. Other matter included is such as commonly appears in labor papers. One unique feature of a technical character is a column of receipts for mixed drinks. It is forbidden to publish any article referring to any political party, platform, or candidate, or to any religious question. The subscription price is 50 cents a year to members of the union as well as to others. The secretary-treasurer of the union is the editor. expenditures on account of the paper, during the year ending April 30, 1901, were $1,146.

The

Previous to 1900 a paper called the Purveyor, published by an individual, had the indorsement of the union as its official organ. The conduct of it was unsatisfactory: even its publication was very irregular; and the new managers of the union thought it wise to take the publication of an organ into their own hands.

Union label.-In May, 1900, the hotel employees adopted a union card for display in saloons, cafés, excursion boats, etc. In July, 1900, the secretary reported that over 1,000 had been issued. In June, 1901, the number was reported as 2,700, of which 600 were used in restaurants. There is also a "working button," which is worn by the members.

INTERNATIONAL JEWELRY WORKERS OF AMERICA.

History. The national organization dates only from July, 1900. It was formed by delegates of local unions in New York City, Buffalo, Newark, and Cincinnati. April 1, 1901, the secretary reported the membership as about 1,000, of which the New York local contains about half.

I C-VOL XVII-01-20

Objects.- -"The protection of members in all matters relating to wages and their rights as employees is the principal purpose of this organization."

Convention. The convention is to meet annually in July. Each local is entitled to 1 delegate for the first 100 members or less, and 1 additional delegate for each additional 200 members or majority fraction thereof; but no local can send more than 4 delegates.

Officers.-The officers are a president, a vice-president, a secretary, a treasurer, and three trustees. The officers constitute the executive board. In case of a vacancy in the office of president the president's duties are to be performed not by the vice-president, but by the secretary, until a successor is chosen. The secretary is immediately to call a meeting of the executive council for the purpose of electing a president. The salary of the secretary is $75 a year and that of the treasurer $25.

Membership. The constitution recites that its membership is to embrace all the different branches connected with the jewelry trade-general mounters, jewelry setters, enamelers, engravers and chasers, polishers and finishors, lappers, designers and modelers, and gold melters.

Finances. The charter fee for new locals is $5, with an additional $5 for supplies. The per capita tax is 10 cents a month. It is said by the officers that the next convention will without doubt adopt uniform monthly dues of 50 cents, and a uniform initiation fee of $3, of which 25 cents will go to the general treasury. These regulations were approved by the organizing convention, but were not formally adopted.

Benefits.-The national union has made no provision for benefits, but the convention has recommended to the locals to use their best efforts in the establishment of local benefit features.

Piecework. The convention has recommended that piece work be avoided so far as possible, and that where it exists efforts be made to abolish it.

THE UNITED BROTHERHOOD OF LEATHER WORKERS ON HORSE GOODS.

History. The United Brotherhood of Leather Workers on Horse Goods was organized January 1, 1896.. It succeeded the National Association of Harness and Saddle Makers, organized in 1887. It includes harness makers, collar makers, saddle makers, harness cutters, and machine operators. The number of locals is reported as 3 on June 1, 1897; 7 on June 1, 1898; 21 on June 1, 1899; 47 on June 1, 1900; and 62 on June 1, 1901. In July, 1900, the membership was reported as 2,500, and on June 1, 1901, as 3,900.

The general organization maintains a labor bureau, to which unemployed members apply.

Convention. The convention is held triennially in June. Each local has one vote. A local of less than 10 members is not permitted to send a delegate of its own, but places its vote, with instructions, in the hands of a delegate from some other local. No delegate may hold more than one such proxy in addition to the vote of his own local. The president, the first vice-president, and the secretary-treasurer are members of all conventions, with full voting power.

Railroad fare and hotel bills of officers and delegates are paid from the general treasury, and the president, the first vice-president, and the secretary-treasurer receive $2.50 a day for their attendance.

Constitutional amendments.-The constitution may be amended either by vote of the convention, or by a two-thirds vote of the membership at large, on the proposal of the executive council or on the proposal of any local seconded by two other locals. Officers. The officers are a president, four vice-presidents, and a secretarytreasurer. The president and the vice-presidents constitute the executive council. The president decides questions of law, and where no law exists he is to decide the question at issue according to his best judgment. With the consent of the executive council he may suspend any law for 40 days and submit the question of the abolition of the law to a general vote. If charges are preferred against an officer he may suspend him, and, if necessary, appoint a substitute. He must approve in advance all expenditures greater than $5. His salary is $50 a year. It is the special duty of the third vice-president to attend to the advertising of the label, and of the fourth vice-president to watch State and national legislation. The secretary-treasurer issues membership cards and due stamps, collects and pays all money, publishes the official journal, and sends an itemized financial

statement to each local every month. His salary is $75 a month, with traveling expenses, and $7 a week is allowed him for clerk hire. The executive council has general supervision over the affairs of the brotherhood. Its members receive $2.50 a day for all time lost in attending to union business, with necessary traveling expenses.

Each local is required to make a nomination by plurality vote for each of the general officers, at its first meeting in March, and immediately to send a list of the nominations to the general secretary-treasurer. Before March 20 the secretarytreasurer must send a list of all nominations to each local. At the first meeting in April each local takes a vote upon them. The result is immediately forwarded to the secretary-treasurer and the president. The two candidates for each office who have received the highest votes are again submitted to the locals for final choice. All elections are by secret ballot.

The salary of a local secretary-treasurer is $15 a year where the branch has less than 40 members, $20 a year where it has from 40 to 55 members, and $25 a year where it has 55 members or more.

Membership. Journeymen working on harnesses, saddles, etc., "or in fact anything made of leather, except boots and shoes," are eligible to membership. Any man who is competent in his class and can command the average rate of wages in his locality is declared to be a journeyman. Manufacturers who employ 2 journeymen or less, and foremen with less than 4 journeymen, may be admitted at the option of the local. Contractors must be excluded, and also foremen, assistant foremen, cutters, and journeymen who work in penitentiaries or for lessees of penitentiaries.

Application for membership must be made in writing and referred to an investigation committee, which is to report at the next meeting. The application is then voted on. If 3 black balls appear, it is rejected. If there are 1 or 2 black balls, those who cast them must present their objections to the president in writing at the next meeting. He presents the objections to the local, withholding the names of the objectors. He then appoints a committee of inquiry. When this committee reports, a new ballot is taken. If 3 black balls appear, the candidate is rejected, but if there are not more than 2 black balls he is elected.

Apprentices.-The rules of the union provide for 1 apprentice where 10 journeymen are employed, and 2 apprentices where there are 20 journeymen, but forbids more than 2 apprentices in any case at any one branch of the business.

Cards. Each member is provided with a card, which is intended to serve the purpose of a due book, a traveling card, a transfer card, and a loan card. Retiring cards are issued to members who become foremen or engage in other business, on their paying up all indebtedness. If they return to work at the trade, they must deposit their retiring cards with the nearest local within 6 days.

Discipline. If a general officer become derelict in his duties, charges may be preferred against him to the president, and he is to be tried before the executive council. Charges against any member of a local must be brought in writing. If the local votes to take them up, they are tried before a committee of 5. The committee must give the accused at least 3 days' notice of the time, place, and object of the meeting, and must give him full opportunity for defense. If it finds the charges sustained, it fixes the penalty in its report. If the local adopts the report, the president must put the judgment in execution. There can be no remission of the penalty except by a two-thirds vote of the local. An appeal lies, however, to the executive council.

Finances. The charter fee paid by new locals is $12. All necessary supplies are furnished by the United Brotherhood. The initiation fee is $2 and the local dues are uniformly 25 cents a week. The treasury of the national body is supported by a percentage of the local payments, which varies with the size of the branch. For instance, a local of 15 members or less sends 50 per cent of its gross receipts, including initiation fees, dues, and fines, to the general secretary-treasurer; one of 16 to 20 members, 55 per cent; one of 21 to 25 members, 60 per cent; and so on up to one of 56 members or more, which pays 80 per cent.

A member who fails to pay dues for 4 weeks is in bad standing and forfeits all claim to benefits. After 8 weeks he is suspended.

A person working where there is no local branch may become a member at large by paying the regular initiation fee and dues. All dues are receipted for by adhesive stamps, which are furnished by the general secretary-treasurer.

For the fiscal year ending May 31, 1900, the aggregate receipts were $16.660 and the aggregate expenditures $15,048. The assets on June 1, 1900, were $3,536. For the year ending May 31, 1901, the receipts were $26,246, and the expenditures $18,879. The assets on June 1, 1901, were $10,903.

Benefits. Sick benefit.—Any member who has been in good standing for 6 months and is sick 2 weeks or over continuously is entitled to a sick benefit of $5 a week, provided the sickness is not the result of dissipation or immoral habits. Sick benefit can not be drawn for more than 13 weeks in any 1 year. The local is to appoint a sick committee of not less than three members, who must visit the sick at least once in each week, no two members going at the same time. The chairman of this committee draws and disburses the sick benefit, reporting at the end of each month.

Death benefit.-On the death of a member who has been in good standing for 6 months a death benefit of $40 is paid; after 2 years, $60; after 4 years, $100; after 5 years, $200; after 8 years, $300.

Traveling loans.-One who has been a member in good standing for 2 years and who is out of work and wishes to travel is entitled to a loan sufficient to take him by the shortest route to the place he wishes to go to (not exceeding $15) and $1 over. If he fails to find employment at this place, he is entitled to a further loan of $5. Loans may not exceed $21 in the aggregate. A traveling member must be provided with a loan book, and no loan must be given unless this book, properly signed and sealed, is presented and shows on its face that the member is entitled to a loan. On obtaining employment the member must pay to the collector of the shop 15 per cent of his earnings each week in addition to his dues until the loan is canceled. Failure to do so subjects him to a fine of not less than $5 nor more than $8, and to expulsion.

All benefits and loans are chargeable to the general treasury of the United Brotherhood. Two hundred dollars was paid out for sick benefits during the year ending May 31, 1898; $855 during the year ending May 31, 1899; $2,105 during the year ending May 31, 1900; and $4,736, or about $1.50 a member, during the year ending May 31, 1901. During the year ending May 31, 1900, $7,025 was paid out in strike benefits, and $4,934 during the year ending May 31, 1901. Loans amounting to $136 were outstanding May 31, 1900. Loans granted during the following year amounted to $549, and loans repaid to $471, leaving $214 outstanding May 31, 1901. A member who has been out of work for 6 consecutive working days is entitled to exemption from dues. Local secretaries are furnished with out-of-work stamps, which they affix to the member's card in place of the regular stamps in such cases. Members who hold positions, but voluntarily "lay off," are not considered to be out of work and are not exempt from dues.

Strikes. When a local has a dispute with employers, it must send a full statement of the circumstances. including the number of persons affected, and the number of union and nonunion men, to the general president and the secretarytreasurer. If less than 12 men are involved, the secretary-treasurer must mail an exact copy of the application to each member of the executive council within 24 hours. Each member of the council must telegraph his vote to the general president within 12 hours. If the application is approved, the president telegraphs the fact to the local branch, and instructs the secretary-treasurer to send each week the required amount of assistance.

If 12 persons or more are involved in the proposed strike, the question of approving it must be submitted to a general vote of the whole Brotherhood. A full statement of the circumstances must be sent to each local as well as to each member of the executive council, and special meetings to vote on the question must be called in all the branches.

The strike benefit is $10 a week for 10 weeks and $3 a week for 5 weeks more. Payments then cease unless the limit is extended by a general vote, in which twothirds of the votes cast are favorable.

The union reported to the Federation of Labor in the fall of 1900 that it had won 10 strikes and lost 1 during the preceding year, involving about 269 persons. The cost was $7,088.

Hours of labor.-The rules of the union forbid members to work more than 10 hours a day. The 10 hours are to be between 7 a. m. and 6 p. m. The Brotherhood has declared itself in favor of establishing an 8-hour day at the earliest possible moment. The secretary reports that the average hours of labor of all locals are 58 a week.

Labor Day. The rules impose a fine of $5 upon any member who is found working on Labor Day.

Piecework.-All bench workmen are paid by the piece.

Team work. The Brotherhood indorses all efforts tending to the abolition of team work. Team work is not "construed to mean stitchers and finishers."

Union label. The Leather Workers adopted their union label in June, 1898. In July, 1900, the secretary estimated that about 20 per cent of the product of the