ship, and to establish a mortuary fund for the benefit of those depending upon its members." The grand division meets biennially. Each local division is entitled to one representative for the first fifty members, one for the second fifty or fraction thereof, and one for each hundred after the first hundred. The officers of the grand division, including the president, first vice-president, secretary and treasurer, the five members of the board of directors, and the senior and junior past president, together with the delegates elected from the local divisions, as provided for above, constitute the grand division, which has general authority over the brothrhood. The grand division legislates for the entire order, and may amend its onstitution only by a two-thirds vote. The president is the official head of the der, and appoints 8 standing committees composed of 7 members each: (1) On edentials, (2) constitution, (3) statutes, (4) local divisions, (5) system divi- ' sions, (6) grand officers' reports, (7) finance and salaries, and (8) grievances and appeals. He also appoints the following special committees composed of 3 members each: (1) On printing, (2) state and national legislation, (3) labor and labor statistics, (4) resolutions, petitions, and greetings, (5) rules, special and general, (6) official organ, (7) ritual and secret work, (8) minutes, and (9) press. He must give a bond for $10,000. He has power to grant charters, to organize new divisions, and to suspend from his official function any officer of any division, subject to the right of appeal by said officer to the grand division. He is elected for 2 years, and receives such compensation as may be determined by the biennial convention. The other officers are a deputy president, who may be appointed for a definite time as the immediate representative of the president and subject to his direction: 3 vice-presidents, who are paid such compensation as may be determined upon by the grand division, and are also paid their necessary traveling expenses, and serve for a term of 2 years; a secretary and treasurer, also elected for 2 years, whose compensation is fixed at each session of the grand division. This officer, under the supervision of the president, has editorial charge and business management of the Railroad Telegrapher, the official organ of the order. All moneys are paid out only after the joint approval of the president and the secretary and treasurer. A marshal, inside sentinel, and outside sentinel are officers appointed at the opening of each session of the grand division, who serve only during that session. The board of directors consists of 5 members elected to serve 4 years and chosen alternately, 3 and 2, at each convention of the order. This board constitutes a board of appeal, and has appellate jurisdiction during the recess of the grand division, and decides all questions of law and equity when appeal is taken from the decision of the president. The decision of the board stands until rescinded by the grand division. This board also tries any officer charged with misconduct, and has power to call a special session of the grand division. It may suspend any or all of the grand officers, and may fill vacancies, except the office of president, until the next session of the grand division. Charges against any officer must be made in writing to the chairman of the board, and the accused must have a copy of the charges and 30 days' notice of the time and place of trial. The accused may be present or represented by counsel, provided the counsel is a member of the order in good standing. The penalties for guilt are reprimand, suspension from office, and expulsion from the order, but no fines.

The revenues of the grand division are derived from, first, charter fees of $10 received from each new division; second, for every person initiated in a new division 75 cents is paid to the grand division; third, each division pays semiannually for every member 50 cents per capita tax, which amount must accompany the weekly report of increase in membership to the secretary and treasurer as the members pay their dues. Supplies are furnished each new division by the grand division at a cost of $10 in addition to the charter fee. A division being organized must pay the organizing officer a fee of $3 per day and mileage, but no organizer may charge for more than 3 days in organizing one division. The initiation fee of a member is fixed at $3.50 and the dues shall not be less than $4 per year. The Railroad Telegrapher, published monthly, is sent free to all members in good standing, but each division is charged annually $1 per capita for this account. The magazine contains editorial and literary material of a readable and instructive character intended to promote the general welfare of the order; a section is reserved for notices of assessments, reports, and other documents emanating from the grand division; but all material in the magazine must be nonpartisan and nonsectarian and it shall contain nothing of a religious or partisan character. Any deficits on account of the magazine are made up from the general fund and any profits turned into this fund.

Membership in the order is limited to any white person of good moral character who is 18 years of age or over, who is actually employed as a telegrapher, lineman, leverman, or electro-pneumatic interlocker on a railroad, and who has had at least 1 year's experience as such. Any white person of good moral character

who has had at some time 3 years' experience as a telegrapher, is also eligible to membership. The use of alcoholic liquors as a beverage is sufficient cause for rejecting any application for membership. Applications are referred to a committee, and when duly reported are balloted on. Two blackballs reject. Any member of the order who shall violate his obligations, or shall knowingly violate the established principles, rules, and customs of the order, or shall disregard the requirements of the constitution and statutes of the order or the by-laws of his division, or shall commence any proceedings either in law or in equity in any matters pertaining to the order in any court without first exhausting the remedies provided by the laws of the order, or be guilty of any other conduct unbecoming a member of the order, is amenable to the division of which he is a member and must be tried and punished. Elaborate rules for such trials are laid down in the statutes. Women are eligible to membership in the order the same as men and are entitled to all rights and privileges. All the members of the order employed on any one line of railroad may be organized and chartered in a system division under the jurisdiction of the grand division, the officers of which shall be a local board of adjustment, consisting of members of each division or district of the railroad on which the division is located, and a general committee, to consist of a general chairman and the chairmen of the local boards of adjustment on said line of railroad. A system division is established only when a majority of the members on any one line of railway desire it.

The protective department of the order must be participated in by each member; each subordinate division elects a local board of adjustment and the chairmen of all the local boards on a system of railroad constitute a general committee. It is unlawful for members of the order to present any proposed contract, set of rules, or schedule to their employers unless a majority of the telegraphers on that line of road are members of the order in good standing. Members having grievances report them in writing to a division meeting or to the chairman of the local board of adjustment, which is required to proceed to adjust the same upon a basis of equity and justice and to effect an amicable and satisfactory settlement, provided however that the general committee shall not present a schedule to the railway officials or attempt to secure its adoption until it has first been approved by the president; if the local board fails, the matter is referred to the general chairman of the system upon which the grievance exists, who, if necessary, convenes the general committee and tries to adjust the grievance; if unsuccessful the matter is forwarded to the president. The president and general committee have authority to order a strike after having exhausted amicable means of settlement, provided the strike is agreed to by two-thirds of the general committee interested. The president becomes the leader of the strike, and the same power that orders the strike may discontinue it. Members engaging in any strike not authorized by the order shall be expelled. Each member of the order is assessed $1.50 semiannually, in addition to his regular semiannual dues and subject to the same conditions for nonpayment, for the protective fund; when the fund reaches $50,000, the assessments cease.

The mutual-benefit department of the Order of Railroad Telegraphers was not established until January 1, 1898. It is under the control and government of the grand division. It issues certificates in 3 series-series A, limited to $300; B, to $500, and series C, to $1,000. Any member of the order in good standing and satisfactory physical condition is compelled to be a member of the benefit department. Members over 18 and under 45 are eligible to hold 1 certificate and no inore in either of the 3 series, A, B, or C. Members over 45 and not over 50 are eligible to series A or B only; members over 50 and not over 60 are eligible to series A only; members over 60 are not eligible to membership in the mutual-benefit department. Forfeiture of membership in the mutual-benefit department on the part of anyone coming under the provisions of its regulations carries with it suspension from the order without further notice until reinstated in the mutual-benefit department. Members of the order whose dues and assessments are not fully paid within 60 days from the beginning of the semiannual dues periods forfeit their membership in the mutual-benefit department without further notice. The board of directors of the order constitutes the insurance committee, and the officers of the order are ex officio the members of the mutual-benefit department. The dues in the mutualbenefit department are payable bimonthly; they amount, therefore, to 6 payments of 35 cents each for a certificate in series A, of 50 cents each for certificate in series B, and for $1 each in series C. There is furthermore an initiation fee or admission fee of $1 for either of the series. Whenever the assessments thus provided prove insufficient to pay the approved claims of the department the secretary may, with and by the advice and consent of the insurance committee, levy extra assessments in such sums as may be directed. Claims must be filed and

proof of death submitted within 1 year from the date of death, otherwise the department is relieved of any liability; total disability entitles the member to make application to the insurance committee, which may order his assessments in the benefit department paid from the expense fund of the department and charged to the member's certificate. Death benefits are payable only to the family, heirs, blood relations, affianced wife of, or to persons dependent upon, the member; a member having no wife or children living may, with the consent of the grand division, make a charitable institution the beneficiary. In default of the above provisions the expenses of the last sickness and funeral of the deceased are paid and the balance of his certificate reverts to the expense fund. In 1899 death claims were paid to the amount of $17,500. Insurance costs about $7 per year for $1,000.

The order is not very strong, and in the year 1900 had 77 subdivisions with from 15,000-20,000 members. The ininimum cost of membership is $10.50 the first year and $7 per year thereafter. It is estimated by the officers of the order that very few telegraphers are members of other labor organizations, but that about 30,000 are nonunion workers. Since January 1, 1899, the telegraphers have had one important strike on the Southern Railway, in which their chief demands were for increased wages, a 12-hour day, and pay for overtime. The result of this strike was a considerable loss to both parties in the struggle. At the date of this writing a strike is in progress on the Santa Fe system (1900).

It is claimed by the order that the attitude of employers to it is usually friendly and that it attempts to secure written agreements with employers fixing wages, hours, and conditions of labor, and that in this it is quite generally successful. The order favors arbitration and conciliation, and in one case, in connection with the Grand Trunk Railway of Canada, a question of wages was submitted to three arbitrators, who gave the telegraphers an annual increase amounting to about $70,000.

VI. Brotherhood of Railway Trackmen of America.-This brotherhood was organized in 1891 as an educational and fraternal society to which only road masters and foremen of gangs were eligible to membership. Since December, 1898, the scope has been enlarged to include all maintenance-of-way employees. Its headquarters are at St. Louis, Mo., and it covers the territory of the United States and Canada. Its objects, as stated in the preamble to its constitution, are to exalt the character and increase the ability of trackmen to perform their duties; to insure greater safety in the maintenance-of-way department by an interchange of ideas; to relieve sick or distressed members; to bury deceased members and to provide for their widows and orphans; to allow no person to remain a member of the order who does not live a sober and moral life; to use all honorable means to secure the passage of laws beneficial to the craft and to improve the trackman's condition. The officers of the grand division of the order are a grand chief, three vice grand chiefs, and a grand executive committee of five members. The grand chief receives a salary of $1,500 per year; he decides all controversies appealed from subdivisions, and his decision is final, subject only to revision by a majority vote of the delegates at the following convention. He has power to appoint an organizer for each State and Territory in which the services of an organizer is needed and to dispense with the services and discontinue the salaries of the vice chiefs and organizers. He is also the financial officer of the order and the custodian of all its important papers. He pays all just and lawful bills and keeps an accurate record of all monies received and forwarded to each division secretary and treasurer. He is required to give a bond of $5,000, and must deposit the money of the order in a bank account in the name of the order as often as he has a balance of $100 on hand. He must employ his assistants from the ranks of the brotherhood. The first vice grand chief is the chairman of the grand executive committee; he gives a bond for $500, and when employed by the brotherhood receives a compensation of $100 per month and traveling expenses. The second vice grand chief also is bonded to the amount of $500, and performs the duties of the first grand chief in case of his disability, and otherwise acts under the direction of the grand chief; when employed by the brotherhood he receives $60 per month and traveling expenses. The status and the compensation of the third vice grand chief are the same as those of the second. The premiums on the bonds of all grand officers are paid from the general expense fund. Organizers appointed by the grand chief are paid for actual services $50 per month. The grand executive committee has power to summon a special meeting of the grand division; it audits the books of the grand chief, tries all charges against grand officers, and has power to suspend or remove any or all of them from office until the next regular session of the grand division. The consent of the executive committee is necessary to any appointment made by the grand chief to fill vacancies

in the grand division. All claims for death and disability or any claims against the brotherhood must be submitted to the executive committee for approval before payment is made. Compensation of members of the executive committee is determined by the order at each convention.

Membership in the order is open to any roadmaster, foreman, or apprentice who can read and write, is sober, moral, and otherwise of good character, and who has served in the maintenance-of-way department for 1 year or more, and who is considered competent to run a gang. Applicants between the ages of 18 and 55 who are in good physical condition may be admitted to the insurance department. The grand chief is authorized to refer any applicant for insurance to a resident physician if deemed necessary in deciding whether an applicant is eligible. Five members may petition a grand division for a local charter.

The Trackmen's Advance Advocate is the official organ of the brotherhood, and is sent free each month to all members; and the subscription to nonmembers is $1 per year.

The revenues of the order are derived from, first, the grand dues from each foreman or roadmaster, $3 per year; second, grand dues for each apprentice, per year; third, certificates to subordinate divisions for foremen $2 each, subordinate divisions for apprentices $1 each; fourth, certificates to foremen joining grand division $3, and apprentices $2; fifth, traveling cards $1 each, withdrawal cards $1 each, transfer cards from one subdivision to another 20 cents each, transfer cards from grand division to subdivision and from the subdivision to the grand division 25 cents each; sixth, subdivision seal, $2, and subdivision record book, $1 each. Each member of the brotherhood pays quarterly in advance 50 cents dues for the maintenance of the protective department, and on beneficiary certificates of $1,000 there is a monthly assessment of $1, and on beneficiary certificates of $500 a monthly assessment of 50 cents. When the sums realized from these insurance assessments are insufficient to pay claims the grand executive committee has power to levy additional assessments, notice of which is printed in the Trackmen's Advocate, and said notice is considered a legal notification.

Subdivisions are organized in which three members in good standing constitute a quorum qualified to transact legal business. The officers of subdivisions are a division chief, a vice division chief, a secretary and treasurer, a warden, a sentinel, and a journal agent elected to serve one year; there is also provision for an executive committee of three members. The fee for admission to membership in any division is $3 for roadmasters or foremen and $2 for apprentices, and an advance assessment of $1 on certificates of $1,000 and 50 cents on certificates of $500, payable at the time application is made. Grand division dues are $3 a year for foremen and $2 for apprentices, payable half yearly in advance. All members are required to participate in the protective department of the hrotherhood, the dues for which are 50 cents per quarter.

In the beneficiary department total disability, which is defined as the loss of both legs, or both arms, or both eyes, or one leg and one arm, entitles a member to the full value of his insurance ce tificate. The loss of one leg or one arm entitles to half the face value of the member's certificate. There is also a provision in the constitution that the order is not responsible for injury or loss of life to members engaged in riot, unlawful assembly, or in military or naval service, or while in the act of violating any of the laws of the country. In case the beneficiaries of deceased members can not be found, or fail to make their claim in five years after the death of a member, the value of the policy reverts to the generalexpense fund of the order.

No subordinate division is allowed to pay any sick benefits to members disabled through intemperance or immoral conduct. A subordinate division may advance the funeral expenses of a brother not to exceed one hundred dollars ($100), which will be retained from his policy by the grand chief and paid to his division.

Members are charged with the duty of reporting to the division chief or grand chief whenever they have knowledge that any member of the brotherhood has conducted himself in an unbecoming manner calculated to bring disgrace upon the brotherhood, or is guilty of drunkenness or of keeping a saloon where intoxicating liquors are sold, or should he be guilty of neglecting his duty, or maliciously injuring the property of his employers, or wilfully endangering the lives of persons traveling over the road.

The constitution of the order may be altered and legislation on any topic adopted at any regular biannual convention of the order by a majority vote.

Each division elects annually three members as a protective board, and when a member has any grievance against his employer he reports it in writing to a meeting of the subdivision, where a majority vote determines whether it shall be

referred to the local protective board. When so referred the chairman convenes the local board, which must do all in its power to have the greivance properly adjusted with the railway company's local officials. If unsuccessful the grievance is then carried to the joint protective board made up of the chairman of each local board on the system on which the aggrieved member is employed. A joint protective board has power to make rules and agreements with the officials of any railroad binding upon all the members employed upon said railroad system. In cases where the joint protective board is unable to adjust grievances it submits the matter in writing to the grand chief, who is required by the constitution to renew all honorable methods to effect a peaceable and satisfactory settlement, failing in which the grand chief and joint protective board shall have authority to sanction a strike, provided such action is agreed upon by at least two-thirds of the parties interested.

In the event of a strike the grand chief is the leader. Any members engaging in a strike brought about otherwise than through the machinery just described must be expelled by their local divisions, which, in event of their failure to do so, may have their charters revoked by the grand chief. During a strike the joint protective board has power to levy assessments when the protective fund becomes inadequate. The same authority which is empowered to call a sirike may discontinue the same. Members engaged in a strike properly authorized are paid $20 a month to continue to the close of the strike, provided that no member shall receive pay for a longer period than 3 months. Members securing employment during the progress of a strike do not receive strike benefits from the protective fund. Striking members, during the continuance of a strike and while out of employment, are exempt from special assessments levied for the benefit of the protective department.

The cash balance in the treasury of the brotherhood on August 1, 1900, with all approved claims paid, was $9,571.24. All the funds of the order seem to be merged into one general fund. There is no sinking fund nor reserve fund. It is estimated that 20 per cent of the deaths upon which benefits have been paid have been due to accident, and disability benefits are paid only in cases of accidental injuries.

The membership of the order on August 1, 1900, was estimated at 3,000, and there were 142 subdivisions. The officers of the brotherhood estimate that there are 275,000 nonunion men employed in the department of service which they cover. The brotherhood is, therefore, not very strong; it is not generally recognized by employers, and it has as yet met with no success in securing written agreements with employers which would fix wages, hours, or conditions of labor for this class of railroad employees.

VII. Brotherhood of Railway Carmen of America.—This brotherhood was organized December 9, 1890, and has its headquarters at Kansas City, Mo. It endeavors to organize all men engaged in building, inspecting, repairing, oiling, and cleaning railway cars in the United States, Canada, and Mexico. It was formed out of a consolidation of the Brotherhood of Railway Car Repairers, organized at Cedar Rapids, Iowa, October 27, 1888; the Carmen's Mutual Aid Association, organized at Minneapolis, November 23, 1888; Car Inspectors and Repairers and Oilers' Protective Association, organized at Indianapolis in 1890, and the Brotherhood of Railway Carmen of Canada, organized at Toronto in January, 1890. In 1900, it had 90 local unions with an estimated membership of 3,500.

It is estimated by the brotherhood that there are 40,000 nonunion men engaged in these occupations, and that 10,000 of these belong to other labor organizations than the Brotherhood of Railway Carmen. A general convention is held every 2 years, to which delegates are chosen by the local lodges. The officers of the national organization elected at these biennial conventions are a grand chief carman, who is authorized to organize all the lodges of the brotherhood and to visit and instruct them; he also appoints a majority of all committees not otherwise provided for, and he receives a compensation fixed by the biennial convention; 3 vice-chief carmen, the first of whom appoints a minority of all committees not otherwise provided for; a grand secretary and treasurer; a board of trustees, called the executive board, composed of 5 members. The executive board, together with the grand chief carman and grand secretary and treasurer, constitutes a general grievance committee, which takes up questions arising between employers and members after the local grievance committee and grand chief carman have failed to effect a settlement. Members of the executive board receive a compensation of $3 per day while on duty; the treasurer receives a compensation fixed by the biennial convention; he has full charge of the journal published as the organ of the brotherhood.

Each lodge pays to the grand lodge a charter fee of $25, and $1.50 per year, in quarterly payments, dues for each member. Charges against officers of the grand