The influence of the extract upon the peripheral circulation has been established by laboratory and clinical observations; its effectiveness upon the pressor centers, however, has as yet not been definitely proven.

The amine bases found in the chemical analysis of pituitary extract, bear a striking resemblance in the similarity of chemical formulæ to those of adrenalin and ergot. While the extract has the peripheral effect of adrenalin, its potency is much more lasting and its clinical potency on the vasomotor system much more pronounced; and while it will contract and blanch the atonic uterus, it has not ergot's effect upon the unemptied parturient womb. Just what prominence this drug will finally assume in the treatment of shock it is difficult to

prophesy, but its literature shows an increasing interest on the part of experimental physiologists, and if Bell's experiences are corroborated by the majority of clinical observers, as they have been by certain of his confrères, the combating of shock will be much nearer a satisfactory solution.

U. S. Army Changes.

Woodson, Robert S., Major, relieved from duty at Ft. Hamilton, N. Y., and ordered to Ft. Adams, R. I., for duty. Fuller, Leigh A., Major, relieved from duty at Ft. Adams, R. I., and ordered to Ft. Hamilton, N. Y., for duty.

Edie, Guy L., Lieutenant-Colonel, detailed member of examining board during examination of Major Ogden Rafferty and Major James D. Glennan, Medical Corps, vice Lieutenant-Colonel Jefferson R. Kean, Medical Corps, who will continue as a member of board for all other purposes.

Bradley, John R., First Lieutenant, M. R. C., recently appointed, is ordered to active duty, and will proceed on January 1 to Ft. Leavenworth, Kan., for duty.

Murtagh, John A., Captain, granted ten days' leave of absence.

Dear, William R., First Lieutenant, left Ft. Sheridan, Ill., on ten days' leave of absence.

Fauntleroy, P. C., Major, granted ten days' leave of ab

sence.

McMillan, C. W., First Lieutenant, M. R. C., granted three months' leave to take effect about January 22, 1910. Birmingham, Harry P., Lieutenant-Colonel; Darnall, Carl R., Major; Reynolds, Charles R., Major, appointed members of a board for the examination of such candidates as may be authorized to appear before it to determine their physical fitness for appointment as Second Lieutenants in the army.

Kierulff H. Newton, First Lieutenant, M. R. C., granted twenty days' leave of absence with permission to apply for ten days' extension.

Hansell, Haywood S., Captain, ordered to proceed from Ft. Snelling, Minn., to Ft. Assinaboine, Mont., not later than December 29, 1909, for temporary duty at that post. Gregory, J. C., Captain, left Jefferson Barracks, Mo., for ten days' leave of absence.

Candy, Chas. M., Lieutenant-Colonel, left West Point, N. Y., en route to Washington, D. C., for duty on examing board for promotion of medical officers.

Philips, Harry F., First Lieutenant, M. R. C., left Ft. Sam Houston, Tex., on ten days' leave of absence.

DR. WILLIAM J. ROBINSON, editor of the Critic and Guide, the American Journal of Urology and Therapeutic Medicine, has purchased the Chicago Clinic, which has had an uninterrupted existence for twenty-three years (though known during the past year under the title of Practical Therapeutics), and has consolidated it with Therapeutic Medicine. The consolidated journal will be published monthly.

Book Reviews.

A TEXT-BOOK OF OBSTETRICS, INCLUDING Related GYNECOLOGIC OPERATIONS. BY BARTON COOKE HIRST, M.D., Professor of Obstetrics in the University of Pennsylvania. Sixth revised edition. Octavo of 992 pages, with 847 illustrations, 43 of them in colors. Cloth, $5.00 net; half morocco, 6.50 net. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia and London, 1909.

Anything coming from the pen of Barton Cooke Hirst should command the thoughtful attention of all men engaged in obstetric practice. For a generation his name has been prominent in the literature, and he has always spoken as one having authority from the fullness of knowledge. He is always found informed upon the latest in his department, but has the faculty (alas! so rare) of discussing the latest fad without losing sight of the established facts which may lessen the force of the arguments of the enthusiast.

As editor of "A System of Obstetrics by American Authors," he gave to the profession a work of great value. The proper balance preserved in so large a work by different writers must have been due to the supervision of the master mind.

The sixth edition of his text-book, like its predecessors, is thorough, concise, rational, and reflects the personal views of the author to an unusual degree. His discussion of kindred gynecological subjects gives special value to the work.

We might say many complimentary things, but the chief excellence of the book, in our judgment, consists in the evidence, found upon every page, of the possession of the critical instinct by its author. No young man can study its pages without not only adding to his information, but-what is infinitely more important-receiving valuable hints of how to think in obstetric practice. WM. GILLESPIE.

BACTERIOLOGY FOR NURSES. By ISABEL MCISAAC, author of "Primary Nursing Technique," "Hygiene for Nurses," "Hygiene for the Use of Public Schools." Illustrated. Cloth, 12mo, $1.25 net. Published by the McMillan Company, 66 Fifth Avenue, New York.

The author disclaims any intention in the preface of doing more than to present the essentials of the subject. Her aim has been "to introduce young nurses to one of the most important phases of nursing, viz., the prevention of infection." In this she is successful. The voluminous works on bacteriology have been made to pay tribute only in so far as the most important matter is concerned. The facts have been rearranged simply and with didactic skill. Although little that is original may be found in this book, nurses will glean what they require, and a little more, by a careful study of its pages.

"The Relations of Bacteria to Diseases" is the

heading of an important chapter, as is "Immunity" of another, much of which is taken from Abbott's

"Principles of Bacteriology," the last edition of which was reviewed in our columns recently. Some important suggestions are given in the last chapter in dealing with bacteria in air, soil, water and food. This matter is of especial interest to nurses.

The author well states that to the medical student the study of bacteriology has an entirely different meaning, since it is used for the purpose of diagnosis and treatment. To the nurse the knowledge gained by a study of the subject is chiefly of use in the matter of sterilization and disinfection. She must know the principles which should guide the performance of her duties. This book admirably assists her in recognizing these principles.

The index could have been made fuller, and the illustrations more frequent and up-to-date.

The work should be selected as a text-book in all schools for nursing. Every nurse should be familiar with its contents.

MEDICAL GYNECOLOGY. By S. WYLLIS BANDLER, Adjunct Professor of Diseases of Women, New York Postgraduate Medical School and Hospital. Second revised edition. Octavo of 702 Philadel

pages, with 150 original illustrations. phia and London: W. B. Saunders Co., 1909. Cloth, $5.00 net; half morocco, $6.50 net. There seems to be no end to works on gynecology. The average gynecologist is a voluble man. He likes an audience. If he thinks a work on gynecology in general will not attract readers, he essays to foist a medical one on an unsuspecting profession; and if there is not enough purely medical topics to make a good-sized book several chapters on surgical topics is added. This is not only true of this book but of most of the works on medical gynecology. Medicine and surgery are so intertwined in this specialty that it is well-nigh impossible to satisfactorily write a strictly medical gynecology.

The first fifty pages are devoted to gynecologic examination. The following one hundred pages treat of methods employed in medical treatment, forty pages being on massage, electricity and hydropathic measures. Twenty pages are devoted to uterine bleedings. The causes of these bleedings are dealt with at the end of the book, thus making an unnecessary repetition. The sections on leucorrhea, pruritus, pelvic pain and backache are well worth reading. Dysuria and frequency of micturition are masterly discussed. Then follows quite a discourse on associated nervous conditions in gynecology. These conditions should be as familiar to the gynecologic surgeon as to the medical man. Considerable space is devoted to gonorrhea in children and adults and to inflammatory conditions of the genitalia. The part on cervical catarrh is worth the price of the book. The last part of the book-140 pages-considers ectopic gestation, diseases of the ovaries, fibromyomata, chorioepithelioma, carcinoma of the genitalia, pregnancy and abortion, vaginal hernia and malposition of the uterus. These topics had better be treated in a surgical gynecology.

On the whole, the book is praiseworthy, and as valuable to the gynecologic surgeon as to the general practitioner. J. A. JOHNSTON.

Local Affairs.

A movement is at last on foot to enlarge the equipment of the Health Department laboratory, besides finding better quarters.

Dan Cupid has been at work among Cincinnati bachelor physicians of late. The latest to succumb are Dr. Marion Whitacre and Dr. W. W. Bailey.

On next Monday evening, after the election, there will be a bona fide physical culture demonstration by J. Kelly. Members of the Academy will find the demonstration most instructive.

The holidays have given a needed respite to the students of the Ohio-Miami Medical College. The young men are imbued with the idea that they must work diligently. Next week some examinations will take place to test the fitness of the students.

The bureau of vital statistics at the City Hall requests physicians to exercise greater care in making out birth returns. In the interest of complete statistics a full report is a desideratum. For instance, in the blank space reserved for the question whether the child is legitimate or illegitimate, frequently nothing is written by the attendant. There is justice in the complaint of the bureau.

For the benefit of out-of-town readers, whose sole means of keeping in touch with things medical in their old college city is this department in the LANCET-CLINIC, let us say that Dr. J. H. Landis has succeeded Dr. Mark A. Brown as health officer. Dr. Otis Cameron has been appointed to the vacancy created by Dr. Landis' resignation from the Board of Health. Dr. Brown was sincerely commended by the board on his efforts during his term of office as a physician, scientific sanitarian and executive officer. Dr. Landis, it is believed, will continue the good work so ably advanced by Dr. Brown, as the latter advanced the work so ably initiated by his immediate predecessor, the hustling Dr. Sam. E. Allen. The future looks bright in health department matters for Cincinnati.

A Correction (?).

The following in big black type appeared in the daily press, December 28. Is comment necessary? Evidently "Phenomenal" has been hurt somewhere about his anatomy. "WARNING.-The typographical error appears in our advertisement in the Cincinnati Enquirer, Commercial Tribune, Times-Star and Post of December 27, stating that we have the inventor of the Finsen rays working with us. We have the inventor who has done much to improve this wonderful agent that we are now using in Phenomenal Kraus' Obsono-Radio Institute in the Odd Fellows' Temple. The Academy of Music hall in Des Moines, Ia., instead of holding 35,000 persons, as was stated, holds 5,000. Our automobile cost $5,000 instead of $10,000."

Our Physician Mayor.

On January 1 the good ship "Cincinnatus" takes aboard a new helmsman, a doctor; not a play doctor, but one straight from the bedside of the sick.

Cincinnati is to learn during the coming year what a medical man can do in the matter of administering public affairs, and we venture the assertion that the ability of the medicine man to successfully assume this responsibility will not be questioned at the end of 1911.

While all who know Louis Schwab congratulate him upon the great honor which is his, still we cannot but feel a pang of regret at his passing from the field upon which he has for so many years battled so valiantly and well. May Dr. Schwab's tenure of office be as crowning to him as his professional life has been. E. J. KEHOE.

The Anti-Tuberculosis League Headquarters.

The Cincinnati branch of the National Anti-Tuberculosis League has selected the former eye-clinic building of the Miami Medical College, on Twelfth Street, for its headquarters. The place is admirably adapted to the purpose for which it is now designed. Being in the vicinity of several clinics in the neighborhood, besides being in close proximity to the City Hospital, will bring to it many deserving poor. It is accessible from all points. A few alterations are to be made, however, which will modernize it. The

city has agreed to pay fifty dollars per month on its maintenance, the old tuberculosis dispensary is to be combined with it, and to be under the supervision of the health officer. It is believed the Anti-Tuberculosis League will be the means of doing untold good to deserving people.

The following physicians will have charge of the clinic: Drs. Rothenberg, Louis Heyn, Jos. Shaw, Walter Stix, Chas. E. Iliff and Arthur Vos.

Course in Advanced Otology.

There will be given a course of ten lectures by Dr. Heinrich Neumann, of Vienna, on advanced otology January 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14, at 8:15 P.M. The Medical Directors of the Cincinnati Hospital have given permission to hold the course at the hospital laboratory. Dr. W. E. Lewis has placed an abundance of anatomical material at the disposal of Dr. Neumann. Demonstrations will be made from the large available clinical material as well. Dr. Neumann has just completed a most successful course at St. Louis, and will give a similar course at Chicago following the Cincinnati engagement. Dr. C. R. Holmes will entertain the distinguished guest while in the Queen City. Much effort has been expended by the Committee of Arrangements to make the course a success. The committee consists of Drs. C. R. Holmes, Wm. Mithoefer, J. W. Murphy, S. E. Allen and S. Iglauer, Secretary. A splendid opportunity is hereby presented to hear the latest word in otology without the expense and inconvenience of travel. The following is the program:

Functional Tests for Hearing-Under this caption will be considered all of the tuning forks; the Bezold series; the new Neumann Lärm Apparat; the new differential tuning fork tests for diseases of the labyrinth, etc.

Oto-Sclerosis and Chronic Adhesive Processes-The differential diagnosis. Pathology. Demonstration of histological specimens.

Nystagmus-This will include the entire field of nystagmus in its various phases.

Labyrinth-Pathological anatomy of the labyrinth. Demonstration of histological specimens and clinical cases. Factors in diagnosis. Technique of labyrinth operations on the cadaver. The Neumann operation.

Intra-Cranial Complications-Differential diagnosis of meningitis; extra-dural abscess; brain abscess; sinus thrombosis.

Mastoid Operation-Demonstration of the various types of mastoid operation on the cadaver, with consideration of plastic methods.

Local Anesthesia for Ear Operations-Demonstration of the Neumann technique for operations on the membranatympani, tympanic cavity and mastoid region by local anesthesia.

Histo-Pathology of the Ear, Nose and Accessory Cavities-Lantern demonstration of extensive personal collection of microscopic slides, diapositives and gross specimens of diseases of the ear, nose and accessory cavities.

Kraus Confederates.

No; the clatter you heard last week was not Dr. Dolle, the famous specialist, making a urinalysis; it was produced by the agitation of the cans attached to the caudal appendage of the late Phenomenal Kraus. Why our modern Ajax failed to unharness a few million volts of his celebrated harnessed lightning upon the heads of the State Board of Medical Registration and Examination, the sages saith not, but we would venture the opinion that Phenom. believes that "gall will prevail where lightning faileth."

Incidental to the fall of the mighty Kraus came the undoing of the two so-called "doctors," whose chief usefulness around the institute consisted in acting in the rôle of medical crutches upon which Kraus's confidence game might lean.

Alas! how unfortunate that the days of tar and feathers and convenient fence rail have fled! What a pleasure it would be to bedeck these gentry with the ebony liquid and the poultry plumage, and, mounting them gaily on an Abraham Lincoln timber, consign these medical prostitutes to the turbulent waters of the historic Ohio-with apologies to the latter stream.

Kraus is bad enough with his lying advertisements and his ignorant bombast, but he at least betrayed no trust, as did the creatures who lent the badge of an honorable proIfession to his nefarious business. Things will not be as

they should until our statute books contain a law providing a penitentiary sentence for the one who uses his medical certificate for fraudulent purposes; and when that happy time arrives some of our so-called doctors will come into their own.

More power to the State Board (as they would say in Ireland). Let us hope it will abide with us until every quack in the Queen City has been chased to the very summit of Mt. McKinley, or some other way station on the pole quest route; for if the north pole must be discovered, let's delegate searchers who will not be missed in case of accident.

What a shame it is that a character like Kraus is permitted to publicly berate a class of men who would not tolerate him about their stables in the capacity of groom! Let us, therefore, on this first day of the new year, resolve to labor in the interests of legitimate medicine, and to do our full share in cleaning the barnacles from our professional bark. There is much to be done for the profession as a whole, but it can only be accomplished by individual effort. Let us, therefore, attend the meetings of the medical society, and add the strength of our opinions in the interests of medicine, and if we do this the closing of 1910 will see a marked improvement, not only in our technical armament, but in our financial status as well. In this brand new year let our slogan be, "a long pull and a strong pull for medical righteousness.' E. J. KEHOE.

Ohio Association of Medical Teachers. On December 27, the Ohio Association of Medical Teachers met at Columbus, and a most satisfactory discussion of the various questions appertaining to medical education took place. There were eleven papers on the program, of which ten were read and discussed. The attendance was large and representative. A resolution was passed to request the Ohio State Board of Medical Examination and Registration not to allow any one to enter a medical school who is not fully equipped. Hence, the practice of permitting students to make up certain deficiencies in preliminary work will be stopped. As Dr. E. O. Smith in his paper pointed out, students have their time and energies pretty well occupied in keeping up with the required subjects, and have no time for "catching up" with their entrance requirements. Students must, therefore, be completely equipped to take up the course of work. "No graduate should fail in his practice," seemed to be the general view. If he does, it is the fault of the medical school from which he was graduated.

The meeting was characterized by the best of feeling among the representatives of the different schools of medicine. The barriers are not nearly so conspicuous as formerly. "The world do move."

The following officers were elected: President, Frank Winders, Columbus; Vice-President, E. Gustav Zinke, Cincinnati; Secretary, E. J. McKesson, Toledo; Treasurer, Chas. M. McGavran, Columbus.

The next meeting will take place at Columbus about December 28, 1910.

THE LANCET-CLINIC was made the official organ, and our readers are to be congratulated upon the pleasure the reading of the papers of this important association will give them. The articles will appear shortly.

Necrology.

Dr. Amos L. Norris, Farmer City, Ill.

Dr. Almon Brooks, Chicago, Ill., aged sixty-nine. Dr. W. I. Stark, Terre Haute, Ind., aged fifty-two. Dr. Geo. Mitchell, Mansfield, O., aged seventy-two. Dr. John F. Ford, Decatur, Tex., aged twenty-eight. Dr. M. Rogers, New Albany, Miss., aged fifty-eight. Dr. Warren A. De Vore, Suwanee, Ga., aged thirty-four. Dr. Frank W. Reilly, Chicago, Ill., aged seventy-three. Dr. John A. Gunn, Hopkinsville, Ky., aged sixty-nine. Death due to arterio-sclerosis.

Dr. John C. Ross, Muncie, Ind., aged sixty-five, accidentally killed by a freight train.

Dr. Sarah R. A. Dolley, Rochester, N. Y., aged eightyone. Dr. Dolley was the second woman to take a medical degree from an American college.

ARTHUR VOS, M.D., ASSOCIATE EDITOR.

I

Tis discouraging to see how tenaciously the public clings to prejudices, especially when the medical profession consistently aims to remove these prejudices. Perhaps people receive as much protection as they deserve, and ignorant legislators, reflecting the narrow views of their constituents, enact only such laws as will dispel a little darkness, for fear that the full glare of enlightened liberty may prove fatal. Whenever the medical profession urges measures of health reform, lawmakers bristle up at once, and antagonize them, forgetting that the prevention of disease is in direct opposition to the profession's material interests. The very humanitarianism of the demands for health reform cause physicians to be misjudged, since no other profession or calling is so insistent in the matter of working against its own material interests. Down in Texas Governor Campbell vetoed a law to provide a tuberculosis sanitarium, because, as he intimated, the institution wouldn't hold all the patients which physicians sent there to get rid of them. Here in Cincinnati the medical profession is exposing a blatant quack, and the latter shrewdly appeals to the public on the ground of persecution. Physicians at times almost feel that the public should be permitted

to learn common sense in the bitter school of adversity, without any effort of true lovers of their kind to keep them from the results of their folly. And yet the medical profession would be untrue to its trust if it failed in season and out of season to teach people the rules of health and longevity.

SPEED the day when all myths will be relegated to the limbo of forgotten things. Of these, the stork myth should be among the first to receive its quietus. That at least is the opinion of the Illinois Federation of Women's Clubs. Members openly state that when the benevolent attendant gravely tells young men and women arrived at the age of puberty that the long-necked biped exhibited at zoological gardens was responsible for the sudden visit of a wee bit of humanity in the family he is perpetuating one of those inanities which custom

No. 2.

has honored too long. They are quite right. Young people of the future will be reverently told all the real facts about that sacred thing, generation and uterine development. Prudery and false modesty will no longer be the cloak of ignorance. Young girls will then know enough about the facts of life to prevent their being deceived, which deception is one of the most fruitful causes of the white slave traffic's flourishing state. Physicians should on occasion tell intelligent parents how important it is to dispel the ignorance which has surrounded the subject of generation since the beginning of civilized life.

IN Dayton, O., a rare case of medical duplicity is causing much comment, especially since the medical profession is singularly free from such conduct. It has been learned that an unscrupulous physician has been selling certificates at a dime each, which certificates stated that the holder had upon exami nation been found to have a scar, or showed other evidence of being recently successfully vaccinated. At least the local press, in its efforts to present the for extended comment. sensational, is making of the occurrence a subject If the cheap reporters

would reflect a moment, they would recognize that medical school inspectors could easily determine, as it is determined in other cities, whether the young person had been successfully vaccinated, by examining the site of inoculation. No health board will accept certificates of vaccination from pupils in the schools without the formality of examination. The Dayton, O., journals should bear this in mind.

IN some portions of the United States agitation for pure food products is naturally more pronounced than in others. The Lone Star State is waking up to the occasion, and in historic San Antonio it is the women who are dinning into the ears of the complacent authorities some demands with reference to sanitary foods, which are very much to their credit. Last week the mothers' clubs of that

city petitioned the local board of health for assistance in regulating the delivery of baker's bread. Noticing the soiled hands of the driver, with the smell of the stable or greasy and grimy harness still clinging to his fingers as he dumps the loaves upon the grocer's dusty counter, they have awakened to the fact that it is their right to receive and to use clean, wholesome bread. So they insist that their plan of wrapping bread in oiled paper be adopted. They purpose next to turn their attention to the method of baking, to see whether it is done under proper sanitary precautions. If women would turn from mere frivolities and time-consuming commonplaces at social functions, and give their attention to things that are worth while, they would find, as did the fair sex of San Antonio, that good health and real satisfaction wait on their efforts.

CHRISTMAS in the South is frequently celebrated to the accompaniment at some time during the day of fireworks. Usually weather conditions permit of this, although a general rain on December 25 last throughout the southern section of the United States prevented to a great extent any display of this kind. It is usually a nuisance and always a menace to life and limb. In San Antonio, Tex., the local board of health effectually prevented the violation of the city ordinance prohibiting the firing of cannon crackers and other explosives. It passed a resolution before Christmas that such a procedure is against the health of the community, and therefore prohibited. Fire crackers offered for sale were confiscated like bad fruit. The San Antonio Health Board is to be commended.

E

THE WILD-EYED ENTHUSIAST IN

MEDICINE.

NTHUSIASM is a good thing. Without it much of the work we do with zest. would become wearisome drudgery. It gives a glow to life's somber settings, retouches the homely into beauty, kindles the imagination and enables one to see things which are to others invisible. Anything which does this is to be classed as a blessing, but requires constant watchfulness to prevent its becoming a curse. Seeing things which are to others invisible may mean that one is a seer; in this prosaic age it is more apt to mean one of the numerous forms of mental disease. He may not only see what is invisible to another, but what does not exist. This seems to be the state of the wild-eyed enthusiast in medicine. Give him a few meager facts, which, to a judicious mind, would be just sufficient to afford a starting point for an investigation of a

subject, and he will immediately leap to a conclusion, which may, by accident, be right, but which, in the majority of instances, has no logical relationship to the evidence upon which he started.

It would be well for those of us who are familiar with the glow which makes one feel that the work in hand is the only work worth doing, to lay ou thoughts and conclusions before a friend who has not felt that particular glow, and see if it kindles in him a kindred sentiment. As this would often be a hardship to our friends, it will be well when time is not pressing to lay aside the subject until after sunset, and when the fires of enthusiasm have burned themselves out, re-examine the subject with the critical side of the mind turned outward and see if it will stand the test of sober judgment. Each of these safety devices has served us well upon numerous occasions, and we feel disposed to advise their adoption by the gentlemen in the Empire State, who are responsible for the conditions set forth in the Journal of the American Medical Association for December 18:

"STATE BOARD SEEKS TO PREVENT BLINDNESS.

"A special committee of the New York Association for the Blind, which was appointed to investigate the causes of preventable blindness and to cooperate with physicians in seeking measures of preabout one-half of all blindness is due to preventable vention, reports that the committee has found that causes and about one-third of the blindness of children is due to ophthalmia neonatorum. This com mittee has united with the State Commissioner of Health in enforcing the use of a 1 per cent. solution of silver nitrate. The State Commissioner of Health will endeavor to provide this solution through local health officers to any physician or midwife applying for it. It has been enacted that birth certificates be returned within thirty-six hours instead of ten days as heretofore."

Far be it from me to question the accuracy of the figures presented. They may or may not be correct. I honor the sentiments which prompted the appointment of such a commission, and honor the industry displayed in carrying out the work and reporting their conclusions. It may not be amiss, however, for one who has devoted some thought to that subject, to call attention to some things which would appear to have been overlooked by our brethren in the East and some of their imitators nearer home.

Since when did the doctors resign to a commission the duty of deciding what treatment should be instituted in any case? When medicine was the more or less garbled views of Hippocrates and Galen, it was not considered proper for physicians to do otherwise than follow established doctrines, but for several hundred years doctors have claimed the privilege of thinking for themselves, and are