Upon it he bases his plans for a given period in the future. Primarily he must know the amount of wood at disposal, its position, its kind, its quality, its age and so forth. To plan for the marketing of the produce at the least cost, a topographical map should be available, showing contours, streams, roads and trails, and for other purposes, the clearings, houses, and all points of interest should be marked.

Systems of improvement cuttings ought to begin as soon as surveys can be made. The dead and dying trees and undesirable species should be removed and desirable species favored. Where young growth is too dense, thinnings should be made. Pruning may be resorted to, and when mature, or hyper mature, trees are still standing, unless needed as mother trees, they should be removed and marketed. Some of this work may be an expense, but may justly be considered capital invested, for the result is an increased value of the forest.

One of the best ways to increase the value of the forest is to make good, serviceable roads. There are many instances in Germany where profitable forestry could be practiced only after the building of a road through the district. The same thing is and will be true in our State.

Within the reservations the Department of Forestry should have entire control of all roads, at least so far as is necessary to build a complete system of serviceable roads and trails upon each reservation. Already a slight provision has been made along this line. Of course, the State pays no taxes on its land. To compensate the township, $25 for each mile of public road within the reservation in that township is allowed to be expended by the Department of Forestry for repairs. Thus far the expenditure, where made, has been of very great value. In two years, one road in Pike County has been transformed from a rough and muddy road to a smooth and well drained one, requiring but a small sum now each year for its repair.

When once the roads are made in proper shape, money is saved in the repair account forever afterward.

The value of good roads for transportation and for making forests accessible is obvious. It is necessary in all forests to have fire-lanes. Some authorities advocate the policy of cutting broad strips at certain distances through the forest, and of keeping these strips clear of debris of all kinds. Such a policy is not a good one from our standpoint. The land so used is kept unproductive, and is an expense each year. There are two ways in which a fire-lane is of use, a line from which to start a back fire, and a line at which a side

fire will stop for lack of fuel. A two-foot trail will answer the same purpose, and is much less expense, consequently a system of roads and trails not only allows one to quickly reach the location of the fire, but serves to keep a fire from spreading; and is as cheap a protection against loss from fires as can be had. It also makes possible

at once the utilization of wood and timber which otherwise would be useless, because of the expense necessary to bring it to market.

On most of the reserves, if not on all, some planting will have to be done. The extent of this work can only be determined after topograhical maps have been made. It will be neces-. sary to determine what trees can yield the most valuable wood in the least time on a given area. In many cases burned areas and blanks in the forest will be planted up.

To do all this work it is necessary to have trained men. The management of a forest takes into consideration not only the present condition of affairs, but also those of the future that are likely to result from the trend of present conditions. Causes and effects must be known, and the methods of producing beneficial results must be practiced. Mistakes which cannot be changed for many years can easily be made through ignorance, consequently men are needed on each reservation who have a good general education and a special training for their work. On every 5000 acres there should be a ranger or warden. Such a man ought to be sober, fearless and of considerable intelligence. He may have a nursery to care for; he must study his district, know it thoroughly, and everything that goes on in it; at times he will be obliged to superintend the various operations that go on within the range.

The forester who has an efficient corps of rangers has half his work done when once it is planned. A forest of 20,000 to 50,000 acres cannot be comprehended in a year, nor even the local conditions surrounding and influencing the forest. An important step in the management of such a forest, then, is the employment of a trustworthy man of the neighborhood, who is acquainted with the people, the land and conditions, to act as superintendent. He can have in charge the protection of the forest against fire and theft, the employment of laborers, when necessary, and can in many ways assist the forester in his duties. All of these reservation officials are now made peace officers which under existing laws makes them both game and forest wardens with power to arrest without first serving a warrant. This may not seem necessary to one unacquainted with the forests and their inhabitants, but by one who has patrolled a forest it can be heartily appreciated. Above all,

We have seen the reasons why the State must both encourage private forestry and practice forestry on its own land; what has been accomplished in the past, and the necessary steps to take in the immediate future. It remains now for those who know how, to use their influence to carry forward the work.

New Publications.

The World's Commerce and American Industries. 8vo., 112 pages. Published by the Philadelphia Commercial Museum, Philadelphia, Pa. Price, 50 cents.

This pamphlet contains 86 charts, graphically illustrating the progress and commerce of the world as a whole, and by countries; of the manufacturing industries of the United States; totals of imports and exports; of British and American Shipping, etc. These charts show at a glance the relative proportions of the world's trade belonging to each of the principal nations, and the relative importance from a manufacturing standpoint of the principal cities of the United States for all of the more important industries, closing with an alphabetically arranged list of the cities of the United States producing

more than $20,000,000 worth of manufactured

products in the Census year, mentioning the principal industries in each.

Seventh Annual Report of the Forest, Fish and Game Commission of New York. Quarto, 534 pages, illustrated. Albany, N. Y.

This report which has just been issued covers the year ending September 30, 1901, and at that date the State of New York had a total forest reserve of 1,408,181 acres, of which 1,325,851 acres were in the Adirondack region, and the balance in the Catskills. It is stated that in the Adirondack preserve there is 1,366,245,000 feet of large spruce, with a stumpage value of $2,700,000, which can be removed without any injury to the forest conditions whenever the law will permit. In the spring of 1901 a plantation of 500 white pine and 500 spruce seedlings, three years old, was made on Simpson's Plateau, and in the fall 5000 white and Scotch pine and Norway spruce trees were set out on Timothyberg Mountain. The volume, in addition to the reports of the Superintendent of Forests, of the Chief Game Protector, the General Foreman of Hatcheries, and the Superintendent of Shellfisheries, contains a number of interesting and valuable articles. Among these may be mentioned, "The St. Lawrence Reservation," by Arthur B. Strough; "Chestnut Culture in the

"The Economic Value of Birds to the State," by Frank M. Chapman; "Tree-Planting in Streets and Highways" (a most excellent treatise already mentioned in FOREST LEAVES), by William F. Fox; "Moose," by Madison Grant ; "The Wapiti," by W. A. Wadsworth; "The Adirondack Black Bear," by George Chahoon ; "Food and Game Fishes of New York," by Tarleton H. Bean; "The Future Water-Supply of the Adirondack Mountain Region," by George Rafter, and "Insects Affecting Forest Trees," by E. P. Felt. Numerous colored and other illustrations form a valuable addition to the text. The report adds another instructive volume to those already issued by the Commission, and will be prized by all who can secure a copy.

Report on Investigations made in Java in the year 1902. Bulletin No. 1. Forestry Bureau, Philippine Islands, Manila, P. I. 8vo., 84 pages,

illustrated.

This report contains the result of the investigations of Mr. Elmer D. Merrill (Botanist of the Bureau of Agriculture and Forestry of the Philippine Islands), in Java, from September 15th to November 15, 1902, in identifying botanical

reau.

specimens in the herbarium of the Forestry Bucial report on Dr. Koorder's method of investiIn addition, Mr. Merrill prepared a spegating the forest flora of Java, including method of determining the rate of tree growth, prevalence of species of economic importance, etc.; also notes on the botanical garden, libraries, laboratories, herbarium, etc., which should prove. most useful in carrying on work in the Philippine Islands. The botanical work in Java has been most thoroughly carried out, and it is stated that there are about 1400 tree species known, while the herbarium at Buitzenborg contains, approximately, 200,000 specimens. The botanical garden is a great park of 147 acres, having in it 10,000 different species of plants. About 2 miles from Buitzenborg is an experimental garden of 180 acres, where species of economic importance are grown on a large scale, for purposes of investigation, such as palms, gutta percha, caoutchouc, camphor, coffee, tea, cacao, pepper, cloves, nutmegs, etc., a large area of paddy land being included for rice culture.

Mr. Merrill recommends adopting the same system for conducting flora investigations in the Philippine Islands as is used in Java, selecting representative type areas, according to latitude and altitude, these type areas being then carefully studied. Ten plates, comprising 20 views of the botanical and experiment gardens at Buitzenborg, add interest to the report.