King St

Box 256

70 TORONTO, ONT-Meets 1st and 3d Saturdays of each month, at 7 P. M., at 39 W. ROBINSON, C. E,... ..................... J. KENNEDY. F. A. E...

71 PENN TREATY, AT PHILADELPHIA PA-Meets every alternate Saturday eve. and Bunday afternoons. Commencing Oct. 6th, 1872, in Temperance Hall, 546 East York St.

J. B. KELLENGER, C. E., 178 West Norris St Address, D. H. FOWLER, F. A. E., No. 564 E. York St.

72 AMBOY, ILL-Meets every two weeks Friday and Saturday eve. alternately.

J. L. SPAULDING, C. E.,

OSCAR COMSTOCK, F. A. E

WM. ODDY, Cor. Sec........................................................................ 73 MADISON. WIS-Meets every Saturday eve., cor. Capitol Park,

S. H. MCKILLIPS, C. E................... box 1442 D. L. ROBERTS, F. A. E.

602

74 HARRISBURG. PA-Meets in College Block, 3rd St., alternate Saturday eves., and Sunday afternoons.

H. STORMFELTE, C. E................................................................... Box 100 E. N. JONES F. A. E,..

75 READING, PA-Meets alternate Saturday eves., and Sunday afternoons, commencing October 8th, 1871, at 729 Penn street.

H. E. KEFFER, C. E.........

W. C. KEFFEB, F. A. E.................................................
WM. R. LEWIS, Cor. Sec....

76 CATAWISSA, PA. Meets 1st and 3rd Sunday of each month, at 2 o'clock, P.M. in Gilbert & Kline's Hall.

JEREMIAH CLEWELL, C. E., ........................Box 21 L. WOODBRIDGE, F. A. E.,

63

77 NEW HAVEN, CONN-Meets 1st Monday and 3d Tuesday eves. in each month, in Engineers' Hall, cor. Chappel and State sts.

J. J. GREEN, U. E., 17 Eld st.

E. B. GILBERT, F. A. E..

78 LOUISVILLE, KY-Meets every Wednesday at 2 P. M., N. E. cor. 18th and Walnut sts. CHAS. DU BOIS, C. E.

ROBT. FORT, F. A. E.. 453 S. 12th St.

79 MALONE, N. Y-Meets every Saturday eve J. MCGRATH, C. E.

Address W. H. GRAY, F. A. E................Box 345.
80 MACON, GA-Meets every Wednesday eve
R. J. THORNTON, C. E., M. B. R. R.
O. F. LAGERQUIST, F. A. E. S. W. R. R.

8! WYANDOTTE, AT KANSAS CITY, MOMeets 2d and 4th Saturday eve. of each month G. W. HOPSON, C. E.

G. W. JENNINGS, F. A. E.

82 UHRICKSVILLE, 0-Meets every Tuesday eve., at Red Men's Hall, on Third st. J. CARR, C. E.

C. A. HUNT, F. A. E,.....................................................................Box 73 83 PACIFIC CITY, MO.-Meets in Masonic Hall, 1st and 3rd Sundays, each month, at 2 P. M.. GW. HITCHINGS, C. E.,.Box 51, N. Springfield, D.P.STEWART, F. A.E...... 135

66

85 ST. ALBANS, VT-Meets 1st Thursday and 3d Wednesday, in Vt. C. R. R. depot, at 7:30 P. M O. F. STEBBING C, E, Northfield, Vt. Box 15 A. F. BISHOP, F. A. E. ..........Drawer 142 88 MOBERLY, MO-Meets every Thursday at 7 P. M., in Engineers' Hall, Reed street between Clark and Williams. WM. P. CLAYTON, C. E.. ¶..................................................................Box 77 GEO. PECK, F. A. E.................................................................... THOS. BUTTERLY, Cor. Sec.................................................

87 TROY, N. Y.-Meets every 1st and 3d Wednesday, at 333 River street.

W. H. MOWERS, C. E., N. Y. C. R. R. Engine House, Green Island, N. Y.

JOHN E. FARRELL. F. A. EBox 108 88 GRAND ISLAND, NEB-Meets every Sun

day eve.

L. O. FERRINGTON, C. E..

.Omaha, Neb.

B. C. HOWARD, F. A. E., Box 49, G. Island, E. B.WOOD, Cor. Sec.....

Omaha,

Thursday eve., at 119 Milwaukee avenue.

D. J. MURPHY,C. E..

68 N. Peoria st.

G. A. MORSE, F. A. E, 218 Greenbush St., Milwaukee, Wis.

J. NEW, Sec. & Treas. of Insurance, 279 Mineral st., Milwaukee, Wis.

97 SOUTH BALTIMORE, MD-Meets every Saturday eve., cor. Baltimore and Green streets. G. A. BUCKEY. C. E., 124 Barre street.

J. H. HENNIXMAN. F. A. E., 87 S. Stricker st.

98 SUNBURY, PA-Meets at 2 P. M., 1st and 3d Sunday in each month, in Odd Fellows' Hall. WM. ATTIG, C. E......

J. K. VALLANCE, F. A. E,

Box 25

99 WATER VALLEY, MISS-Meets 1st and 3rd Sunday of each month, at 7 PM.. over Gene. ral Office Mississippi Central Railroad. JAS. GREENER, U. E..................................................................... 8. G. LEDBETTER, F. A. E

100 WILMINGTON, N. C. R, CARTER, C. E.,

L. B. LYONS, F. A. E....

101 RICHMOND, VA.

W. P. HUNTLEY,

C. E., C. & O. R. R. L. P. KUHN, F. A. E., R. F. & P." "

Box 148.

Box 2

102 AUSTIN, MINN.-Meets every Saturday eve. at 7 o'clock.

T. W. HAZELTON, C. E......

....Box In

Address B. N. LEWIS. F. A. E.......Lock Box 469 108 ROCKY MOUNTAIN, AT LARAMIE. W.T-Meets every Saturday eve. J. MCGIBBON, C. E...........Box 62, Laramie City. C. A. REALS, F. A. E.............................................................. Box 10

104 COLUMBIA, PA-Meets every Saturday eve., next door above Columbia Bank, Locust st R. O. YOUNG, C. E.

J. HAUGHEY, F. A. E. A. G. GUILES, Cor. Sec.

110 PACIFIC, AT SACRAMENTO, CALMeets first two Saturdays in each month, at 7:30 P. m., in Red Men's Hall, K st., between 5th and 8th streets.

J. W. HANFORD, C. E........ .................................. ...........................L. Box 224 J. E. LONERGAN, F. A. E............................................

1 PETERSBURGH, VA-Meets 1st and 3d Saturday eves. of each month, in Engineers' Hall. M. J. REAMS, C. E., A. M. & O. R. R. J. WHARTON, F. A. E.,

112 OTTUMWA, AT CRESTON, IOWA-Meets. every Sunday at 3 P. M., in Engineers' Hall, first door north of the Creston House.

S. C. SEATON, C. E.,Ottumwa, Iowa.......Box 648 T. W. HAWKSWORTH. F. A. E.. 428

447

122 WILKESBARRE, PA-Meets 1st Sunday and 3rd Tuesday of each month, in L. and 8. depot. J. T. REILLY, C................. J. S. LINES, F. A. E...

..Ashley, Ps. ..Pittston,

123 NEW ORLEANS, LA-Meets 2nd and 4th Sundays of each month Room. No. 1, Odd Fellows Hall. at 2 P. M.

F. W. FIELDER, C.E.. cor. Thalia & Howard Sta M. J. DOYLE, F. A. E...................281 Howard St.

124 MAUCH CHUNK, PA.-Meets every 2nd and 4th Saturday, at 8 p. m., in Mechanics' Hall, Race St.

S. SMITH, C. E..

W. H. FULTON, F. A. E.

WM. R. McCRAW. Cor. Sec......

.Box 79

125 CLINTON, IOWA.--Meets 2nd Friday and 4th Saturday evenings in each month, in Engineers' Hall, 5th ave.

L. ZIEGENFUS, C. E.

T. 8. PRENTICE, F. A. E.Anamosa, Iowa.
G. W. WILLS, cor. Sec., Belle Plain, Iowa.

339

127 BEARDSTOWN, ILL-Meets every Satur day at 7 pm, in Engineers' Hall, cor. Main and Washington sts.

E. I. NEWELL, C. E.,
J. A. BAILEY, F. A. E.,.....
M. D.WEBB, Cor. Sec......

128 MERIDIAN,

MISS-Meets 1st and 3d

Sundays of each month, at 3 p. m.

E. N. BELL, C. E.

D. D. BRIGGS, F. A. E.

129 CHATTANOOGA, TENN- Meets every Saturday eve., in Temperance Hall. P. MALONEY, C. E.................................... Box 199 S. TOMS, F. A. E.,.

130 SANDUSKY, O.-Meets 1st and 3d Sundays of each month, in Habbard Block, opp. West House.

P. MILAN, C. E.,

C. G. KNIGHT, F. A. E.

145, VANDERBILT, at NEW YORK CITYMeets at St. Charles Hall, 8th Ave., between 41st and 42nd Sts., 1st and 3rd Sunday in each month at 1:30 P. M.

M. VOLK. C. E., H. R. & N. Y. C. R. R. Shops, $1st St. and 11th Ave.

N. SAWYER, F. A. E., H. R. & N. Y. C. R. R. Engine House, 45 . & 4th Ave.

Address G. H. VAN TASSEL, Cor. Sec., 360 East 62nd St.

W. A. CANFIELD. Journal Ag't, 573, 8th ave.

146, MARSHALLTOWN, IOWA

C. E. BROWN, C. E.

C. F. PETERSON, F. A. E..........

......Box 174

EZRA NASON, C. E.

R. W. TAYLOR, F. A. E.

153 DECATUR. ILL-Meets 1st Saturday and 3d Friday of each month in Eldridges' Block. W. HAYS, C. E.

F. M. HOPEWELL, F. A. E.

Box T

156 DANIEL BOONE-At Elizabethtown, Ky, GEO. W. PATRICK, C. E.

Address J. A, SANFORD, F. A. E.

157, CENTRAL DIVISION, at COMMUNI PAW, N. J.-Meets 1st Monday of each Month, a 11 A. M.. and 3d Friday, at 7.30 P. M., at Templar's Hall.

C. A. HOUSTON. C.E., box 47 South Bergen, N.J. C. A. HOWE, F. A. E.,

158 TRUCKEE, AT WADSWORTH, NEV.ALBERT LYMAN, C. E........ GILBERT LEMERY. F. A. E..

.Box 4

159.-CEDAR RAPIDS, IOWA.-Meets ist and 3rd Sundays of each month at 2 P. M. in General Office Building B. C. R. & M. R. R. D. H. POYNEER, C. E.

H. E. WILLS, F. A. E.

Box 118

160 CAPITOL, AT WASHINGTON, D. C-Meets every 2d and 4th Sundays in each month, at 2 o'clock P. M.

J.LESCALLETT, C. E., B. & P. Station, Washing. ton, D. C.

WM. HARTSHORN, F. A. E., W. & O. Station, Alexandria, Va.

161, SAN FRANCISCO, CAL-Meets 1st and 2nd Saturday evenings in each month, in Charter Oak Hall, No. 773 Market St.

H. J. CLARK, C. E.,

G. W. MCALLISTER, F. A. E..

Box 1354

163, PASSUMPSIC, AT LYNDONVILLE, VT. Meets every 2d and 4th Thursdays.

CHAS. B. PIKE, C. E., Derby Line, Vt.

A. G. EASTMAN, F. A. E.

165, CAYUGA, AT ITHICA, N. Y.-Meets 2nd and 4th Mondays of each month at 7:30 Р. M., Odd Fellow's Hall, cor. State and Cayuga Sts. J. M. KIMBALL, C. E.

CHARLES POPPLEWELL, F. A. E..

Box 288

166. OHIO FALLS, AT JEFFERSONVILLE, IND.-Meets every other Sunday afternoon in Howard & Anderson's Hall,

ISAAC ACKLEY, C. E.

O. H. JACKSON, F. A. E.

167, DEVEREUX, AT W. CLEVELAND, O. W.H. Goss, C. E., 78 McLean St.

J. MOORE, F. A. E., A. & G. W. Shops.

168, GRAND RIVER, AT IONA, MICH, H.C. HAYS, C. E.

F. M. BARNES, F. A. E.

169, AT SYRACUSE, N. Y. E. M. RAYNOR, C. E.

VOL.. 7.

COAL HISTORY AND INFLUENCES.

BY W. R. SHAW.

INTRODUCTORY.

In connection with coal, either as an abstract principle or generalized in its subsequent developments through steam machinery, as a commercial power, there are few things more disastrous than the igno. rance or indifference displayed to correct, practical, and economic requirements by its attendants. Their much boasted practical acquaintance with its use-their estimate or knowledge of its power-their vaunted conceptions of its merits, too often rests simply and ultimately with the shovel with which it is thrown into the furnace, or in the door enclosing it; and when men are associated with its daily consumption, it is natural to expect an increasing acquaintance and knowledge of its properties should ensue. But we, in common with others, are disappointed in the exceptions unfortunately established. Test cases have occurred, and many responses to scientific inquiry, or even simple questions relative to coal values, properties and powers, reveal an ignorance which is oftener than otherwise a reproach to the intelligence of the age, and a great hindrance to the progressive spirit men ought to possess, and which is their privilege to enjoy in extenso.

This estimate, though severe, is, in too many cases, solidly correct, and ought not to have cause for existence in fact, or, as a broad statement, no just reasons for its

No. 10.

inception; and, though made in fairness and charity, many it reaches may rebel against our purpose and question our motives, but it is an estimate, nevertheless, founded on years of study and close experience of men connected with the use of coal and steam machinery.

It is a matter of regret that too often firemen and engineers are laggards in the issues of that real intelligence which ought to be carried out as effective traits of character, indispensable to the creditable working of their profession. Too often, also, a loose indifference to correct rules is displayed therein; and whilst a close attachment to tinsel and superficial qualifications has marked their practice, they have as frequently ignored the propositions and formula of manliness in a constitutional forgetfulness. They have indulged in contradictions of policy against wise expediency, and suffered many of its disadvantages. They have failed to perceive their own advantages, which proves that if they want a higher appreciation by advanced thinkers beyond that which results from sympathy with risks in their dangerous callings-if they want to keep up with the growing requirements of the times, nor be considered recreant to their duties-if they desire to walk hand in hand with scientific inquiry, and be rewarded by the honor they may command through their entrance into the conservative avenues of intelligence-they may do so. Nothing will occur to hinder so desirable a consummation of things.

To acquire and maintain this improved status, there must be, of necessity, les

self-inflation, more self examination, modesty, and solid knowledge of principles and concurrent duties: less spread eagle. ism in the operations of their professionmore realistic practice, power, and manly force of character-less inclination to believe the supremacy of shovel, throttle bar, or foot-cock rules over other craftsmen, or neglect the quiet but requisite investigations of powers and relative influences of materials entering into the many powerfully and important combinations of the mechanism with which they are identified in practice.

Granted that railroad or steamboat life, rush, excitement and infatuations are in imical to tranquil and reflective thought, its turmoil and risks may jeopardize life, and be regarded unfavorable to regular scientific inquiries or social distinctions. Its irregular calls may present grave difficulties to the consummations of persistent study, but there are times when sober thoughts and quiet intervals of rest may be assured; when abnegation of self and selfish indulgence becomes a proper vir tue, and reflection, though recognized only as an intermittent quality, will develop its improving influence on personal and national character.

In furtherance of this improved time, it is expedient the saloon and more questionable places of resort should be avoided and contemned. Man should not live for himself, but for society; qualifying for every contingency of life as it may occur; practicing the virtues of a reasonable hu manity; entering an active, comprehensive inquiry into the rights, duties, and requirements of the calling with which they are associated; men will rise to a point of elevation they have never yet attained, and by enlarging their sphere of usefulness, value and diguity, they will be allowed to share in a fair portion of the fruits and honor of their labor, and to stand on proud equality with others who have built up the wealth and prosperity of the people.

Results derived from experience leads to an opinion that the history, properties and values of coal fuel are not fully understood or estimated by a majority of those using it. This árticle, advanced as the effort of a working man, aims to incite his confreres to more studious habits-to an improved knowledge of the uses, properties and history of combustible coal.

Probably the earliest record of coal occurs in sacred history, wherein Moses, the Jewish law-giver, describes the duties of high priests in regard to their sacrifices (Leviticus 16: 12). Commentators may differ in the exact definition of "coal," as applied in this quotation, and contend

some other substance than mineral coal is alluded to, such as asphalt, wood, charcoal, or other combustible, but it is not our province to enter this arena of doubtful narration, but pass on to other considerations.

As a mineral production, however, coal is distinctly mentioned in ancient secular history, which shows the Greeks, Romans and Britons were acquainted with the existence of a "fossil stone," but where, when, and under what circumstances first discovered or used will probably never be known, or allow more than rude, uncertain surmises to be made.

Three hundred and fifty years B. C. one of Aristotle's pupils wrote of a "fossil stone" being discovered which had some curious properties, such as burning and giving heat; but the ancients made no use of it, probably from fear, ignorance of its qualities, or because they knew not how to burn it. This indifference to and ignorance of coal is evidenced in the histoty and construction of the aqueducts conveying water to Rome. These extended many miles, coursing through subterranean passages, which were tunneled in the coal measures. One was even cut through solid coal, the mineral being thrown aside like other debris; and Pliny, the Roman historian, being silent on the merits of this "fossil stone," we may conclude the Praetors and people of ancient Rome knew nothing of its uses as fuel.

The Chinese are supposed to have been acquainted with mineral fuel from a very early period, knowing how to work and burn it, but, like the Romans and Britons, knew nothing of mining for it, the outly ing crop of surface coal only being taken. none using it commercially or to national advantage in those early days. Long after discovery, the Britons made little use of mineral coal. Peat and wcod were too abundant and easily obtained, therefore found preferable. During the Saxon, Danish, and Norman possession of Britain, coal as a combustible is rarely mentioned, and not until about 1239 is there any reliable or historic record of trade in the mineral.

This slow advance of coal into popular use may be easily accounted for. 1st-In the abundant and cheaper supply of turf and wood as fuel. 2d-In the ignorance of the true chemical or geologic data requisite to understand the distinct properties of mineral coal as fuel. 3d-In the enlarged cost, change of apparatus, and difficulties of transport from source of production to town industries, where its use would be more likely better known. 4th-In the increasing dislike to its use, because of the larger volume of offensive smoke in comparison to that of wood fuel.