sailing first due west, but afterwards trending the exploits of historical or legendary heroes, the steadily to his left (which was towards the south), deeds and deaths of celebrated criminals, nursery | the course across the Atlantic being therefore stories, ballads, murders, ghosts, lovers' tragedies, south-west, clearing the African coast, passing the three-headed children, &c. equinoctial line, and coming in view of the conAs to the etymology. The meaning of the first stellations of the southern hemisphere. But the element of chap-book is the same as that of chapremarkable feature is the end of the voyage— man. Compare also the phrase good cheap, to beholding a lofty mountain in the dim distance, cheapen, all and each of which come from A.-S. a higher mountain than was ever seen before. ceap, goods, price, sale, &c. There are also the Why should such a fancy occur if there was no cognate to cope, to chop (in the sense of to exfoundation for it? Why not a flat coast on which change), horse-coper, copeman, copesmate. The people might land? No doubt the five months' kind of chapman who sold the chap-books, sailing was beyond the necessary period for such A.D. 1611, while the creator of Autolycus was still a distance, but that is unimportant. The strange living, may be thus described from Cotgrave: thing is the mountain of such extraordinary height." A paltrie pedlar, who in a long packe or maund I believe there is only one mountain in the world (which he carries for the most part open, and the height of which exceeds expectation on the hanging from his necke before him) hath almsfirst sight of it, and that is Teneriffe, which is nacks, books of newes, or other trifling ware, to sell." supposed to have been unknown in Dante's time, but his pithy description coincides exactly with the real appearance of that wonderful peak :

"Cinque volte racceso, e tante casso

Lo lume era di sotto della luna,

Poi ch' entrati eravam nell' alto passo, Quando n' apparve una montagna, bruna Per la distanza; e parvemi alta tanto, Quanto veduta non n' aveva alcuna." In plain prose: "Five times had the moon waxed and waned while we were sailing over the deep ocean, when we came in sight of a dark mountain, dim in the distance, and it appeared to me loftier than any we had ever beheld."

This may have been all imagination, but I think it more probable that it was founded on tradition with a spark of truth for its origin. I am inclined to think that the ancients on such subjects knew more than we give them credit for. M. H. R. Both Pliny and Solinus mention that Ulysses perished whilst navigating the ocean. It was doubtless on the authority of those writers that Dante gave his graphic description of the last voyage of Ulysses in canto xxvi. of his Inferno. That Dante had no pretension to accuracy in details is pretty clear from the discovery attributed to Ulysses :

The difference between a chap-book and s broadside is that one was folded and sewed, the other not. The chap-book ran more into prose, but their subjects were much the same. I presume, however, that the black-letter 12mo. "garlands" of James I.'s reign can hardly be called chap-books, but they may have been to some extent the chap-book's predecessors. The great mass of chap-books which has survived belongs to the eighteenth century. This class of literature seems to have been far less destructible than the and simple.t pure

broadside

ZERO.

Chap-books are little books in verse or in prose, consisting of popular stories or ballads printed for more important works printed for the booksellers itinerant chapmen to sell, in contradistinction to the of fixed residence. In some cases the publisher of ballads announces after his address, "where English and Irish chapmen can be supplied with so-called books and ballads." Thackeray's "List" consists "histories," such as of Robin Hood, of the gentle craft. After giving his address in Duck Lane, be adds, "where any chapman may be furnished with them or any other books at reasonable rates" His "small books" and "histories" are all chapbooks. Henry Chettle, in his Kind Hart's Dream, by which is meant the great mountain of Pur-1592, writes of the ballad singers of his own time gatory, antipodal to Jerusalem, from whence came the fatal whirlwind that led to his destruction. B. D. M.

Burslem.

"Quando n' apparve, &c.,

CHAP-BOOKS (5th S. xi. 306.)-Chap-books are small unbound 12mo. or 16mo. leaves of coarse paper, roughly tacked together and printed in bad

type, with rude woodcuts, which were, and possibly are still, hawked about in pedlars' baskets. They treat for the most part of current sensational events,

as

แ

pretty chapmen, able to spread more pamphlets, by the State forbidden, than all the booksellers in London." Samuel Pepys labelled his collection of chap-books as "Penny Merriments." on such that "chap-books" is an abbremy Upon grounds as the above I think we may tiny as chapman's books. Hawkers sold wares, but chapmen sold only ballads and books

66

W. CHAPPELL.

See the two volumes published by Mr. Halliwell in Some things very like chap-books are still sold in the country; for that of France, M. Nisard's Histoire de la the Percy Society on the chap-book literature of this Littérature du Colportage, &c., Paris, 1854.

Seven Dials.

In the New Law List, 1779, by John Hughes,
Hugh Jackson and Thomas Jackson occur amongst
the certificated attorneys at Stamford.
W. F. MARSH JACKSON.

See Gorton's Biographical Dict. Some years ago I saw his tomb in the churchyard of Felpham, near Bognor. Near to it is a stone to the memory of one of his female servants who begged to be laid near her master, and the wish was evidently respected. In Chalmers's Oxford he is mentioned as one who, after presiding as the Dean of Christ Church for twenty-six years, with almost unexampled zeal and fidelity, resigned the office in Clarke Prescott of Cheetham Hill, and the Chris1809." He was a connexion of the late Rev. tian name of Cyril is borne by several of his

or

Pretty little sprays of flower are scattered over a
white ground; they look more like eyebright
(Euphrasia vulgaris) than anything else, but are
not botanically correct. Can any one tell me the
meaning of "Barbeau "Barbo" (for I do not
know the spelling), and what flower it is intended
to represent? These two patterns are, of course,
out of date now, but forty or fifty years ago they
appear to have been stock patterns, and obtainable
at any large crockery shop.
Norton Hill, Runcorn.

ROBERT HOLLAND.

The suppression of s in the third person singular is a well-known characteristic of Norfolk, where "he come," "she walk," "this un look better 'n that," may be heard in every-day talk. Amusing examples are given in Eastern England, from the Thames to the Humber. Thus, at a "water-frolic," as a regatta is locally called, "She sail fine, dan't she?" He laugh at ye"; "That feller raw (rows) like a tailor"; See how that run out"; "That music sound purty, dan't it?"

X. P. D.

KING OSWY (5th S. xi. 29.)-The original authority, Beda, Hist., iii. 24, does not state so much as the author cited by F. T. J. as to "the building and endowing of twelve abbeys," neither was it to show his gratitude only after the battle, but previously to the victory, that the vow was made. Oswy wished to buy off Penda by purchasing peace, and when he failed transferred his gifts where he felt that they would be received :"Vovit ergo quia si victor extiterit, filiam suam Domino sacra virginitate dicandam offerret; simul et duodecim possessiones prædiorum ad construenda monasteria donaret: et sic cum paucissimo exercitu se

certamini dedit."

After the battle he dedicated his daughter,
"donatis insuper duodecim possessiunculis terrarum, in
quibus......devotioni sedulæ monachorum locus facul-
tasque suppeteret. E quibus videlicet possessiunculis, sex
in provincia Deiorum, sex in Berniciorum dedit. Sin-
gulæ vero possessiones, decem erant familiarum, id est,
simul omnes centum viginti."

His daughter was first placed in the monastery at
Hartlepool, "cui tunc Hild abbatissa præfuit;
quæ post biennium comparata possessione decem
familiarum in loco qui dicitur Streaneshalch
[Whitby], ibi monasterium construxit." From this
it does not appear that King Oswy, and not St.
Hild, built the monastery. In default of identifi-
cation it is very probable that the other grants
were accepted and appropriated to ecclesiastical
use for a time, but that they afterwards lapsed, the
foundations never being constituted and completed.
King Oswy, the year after the battle, which took
place in 655, established an episcopal see for the
kingdom of Mercia at Lichfield and commenced
the cathedral church. He is also said to have
commenced the Abbey of Medeshamstede, or

Peterborough, with Peada. See additions to Saron
Chronicle, relating to Peterborough, ann. 655, 657.
ED. MARSHALL

THE SPINET (5th S. xi. 289.)-The names of
musical instruments are not infrequently mis-
applied by unmusical writers, especially when one
instrument predominates in use over others of the
same class. COLONEL HUTCHINSON'S instrument,
being in the shape of a grand pianoforte, is strictly
a harpsichord. The virginals proper are in form
like the so-called square pianoforte, but they were
raised upon a stand, and had neither legs nor pedal.
The spinet is of irregular figure, narrowing to the
point of a triangle at the back. All three were
horizontal, and all are exemplified in the Museum
at South Kensington, but the catalogue might be
improved by revision in this respect. It ought to
be an authority.
WM. CHAPPELL.

From the description given by your correspondent of the musical instrument in his possession, he is correct in thinking it a spinet. I well remember one that used to be in a disused room of

my grandmother's, on which I have often played
scales, and the "twanging sound " it gave forth I
can call to mind most perfectly. The instrument
I knew was in a mahogany case. The keys white
in a piano were in this case black, and those
usually black were white. Also, the keys had no
hammers; the sound was caused by lifting up
a piece of quill; for my childish curiosity was well
acquainted with the interior, and how it acted
when played upon. I have forgotten the name of
the maker, save that it and the place were in Latin;
the date, some part of the last century. Although
somewhat in the shape of a grand piano, it was
not played at the end, but, so to speak, at the side
of the front. I never saw any other spinet than
the one alluded to, but I have just been told by
one of my old friends that in 1824 the Rev. Osias
Linley, the then organist of Dulwich College, had
one in his house. The spinet, I imagine, gave
way to the harpsichord, as the latter did to the
piano.
H. E. WILKINSON.

Anerley.

My father, who is old enough to remember such engines, says he thinks COL. HUTCHINSON'S instrument is a harpsichord. C. F. S. WARREN, M.A. Farnborough, Banbury.

tion in Little Deane Church to Rowland Heane HEANE FAMILY (5th S. xi. 269.)—The inscriphas not been in existence for at least the last fifty years. Major-General James Heane was one of his grandchildren, and Rowland Heane, who was buried in Gloucester Cathedral in 1815, was one of his (Rowland's) descendants.

Cinderford, Gloucestershire.

WILLIAM C. HEANE.

PISTRUCCI'S BUST OF THE DUKE OF WELLING- SCOTIA (5th S. xi. 298.)-If my memory serves TON (5th S. xi. 305.)—Many years ago Marshal me upon a point of which I took no note, Giraldus Pelissier, Duke of Malakoff, was inspecting the Cambrensis ascribes to Scotland the earlier name United Service Institution, and made a dead point of Albany, under the Latin form of Albania. I at the inscription OYKETIMEMIITOI below the read the first two volumes of the works of Giraldus bust of the illustrious duke. None of the members when they were first issued under the direction of of the Council who were in attendance to do honour the Master of the Rolls, and that must be from to the eminent marshal were able to give the fifteen to twenty years ago. ERIGENA the younger requisite information why the quotation was in has only to refer to them with the guide I have the plural, but they were all surprised at the given, that it is in a tract addressed to the Pope marshal's critical acumen. of that time. As "N. & Q." was established to W. STIRLING LACON. facilitate the inquiries of literary men, I thought it a duty to draw attention to an unobserved tract, in which few would think of looking for Scottish history.

WILLIAM PRIEST OF BIRMINGHAM (5th S. xi. 245.)-Q. is right in his remark that Priest was a lawyer here about the middle of the last century. If any of the letters or papers relate to Birmingham I shall be obliged if Q. will inform me. ESTE. SAMOSATENIANS (5th S. xi. 48.)-These heretics derived their name from Paul of Samosata, who was appointed Bishop of Antioch A.D. 260. Eusebius (Hist. Eccl., v. 28) states that he held the opinions of Artemon or Artemas, who maintained ψιλὸν ἄθρωπον γένεσθαι τὸν Σωτήρα. The originator of the heresy of Artemas was Theodotus, of whom Dr. Burton observes: "His opinions agreed very closely with those of the first Socinians" (Lect. xxi. vol. ii. p. 213, Ox., 1833). Paul was deposed by a council held at Antioch.

ED. MARSHALL.

WM. CHAPPell.

THE ARMS OF THE CITY OF LONDON (5th S. xi. 327) are Arg., a plain cross gu., in the dexter chief canton a sword erect in pale of the second (the allusive to St. Paul, the patron saint of the city). arms of St. George, with the sword, which is All bevelling or shading of the cross is an unauthorized fancy of the painter or engraver. The description of the crest in the late edition of Burkes General Armory is a mere misprint. The crest is a dragon's wing arg. charged with a cross gu. It is often, but I think improperly, depicted the same origin as the bevelling of the cross. as a sinister wing. This variation has probably

I notice that in the enlarged edition of Heylyn's Help to English History, improved by Wright The Socinians took their name from the uncle (London, 1773), the crest, on a helm, is a pair of and nephew of the name of Socinus in the six-dragon's wings expanded. Often the helmet is teenth century. Their teachings concerning the nature of Christ were similar to those of the Samosatenians. JOSIAH MILLER, M.A.

See Blunt's Dictionary of Sects.

replaced by the fur cap of the sword-bearer of the
city, but I have never seen the crest placed
directly upon it.
J. WOODWARD.

COLSTON'S HOUSE AT MORTLAKE (5th S. xi.
261.) This old mansion was standing in 1851,
When I went all over it, and it exactly corresponded
to the description given by Mr. Tovey. It stood
at the western end of Mortlake, half-way between
the lower Richmond Road and the Thames, and
had in front of it one large field, almost a park, of
about ten or twelve acres. When I again visited
the spot, about ten or twelve years ago, the house
had been pulled down, but the ground on which it
It was
stood had not actually been built over.
known in 1851 by local tradition as "Cromwell's
House."
E. WALFORD, M.A.

C. F. S. WARREN, M.A. TENNYSON'S "CONFESSIONS OF A SENSITIVE MIND" (5th S. xi. 49.)-The more exact heading of the poem as published was Supposed Confessions of a Second-rate Sensitive Mind not in Unity with Itself. It was printed at p. 31 of "Poems chiefly Lyrical. By Alfred Tennyson. London: Effingham Wilson, Royal Exchange, Cornhill, 1830. 12mo., pp. 154." The volume is now rare, and the curious in such matters pay three or four guineas for a copy. It has no table of contents. This special poem is chiefly interesting as conveying a foretaste of the Two Voices, and, although it possesses some magnificent passages, it is clearly, as a whole, immature, and little good would be done to the Laureate's reputation with the general. reader by its republication.

Λ.

Hampstead, N.W.

LENGTH OF A GENERATION (5th S. ix. 488, 518; 95, 130, 157, 197, 315, 524; xi. 54, 77, 254.)I think some of the correspondents of "N. & Q." are confounding two things-length of life and length of a generation. The original query related to the popular idea of a generation being thirty years. Generate is "to bring to life," "to originate." The idea expressed by MR. HAYDON (5th S. x. 130), that it was the interval between

66

the birth of a father and that of his son," appears seal. As the Horsey arms have been registered to me to be a correct definition of a generation." and allowed to that family in the heralds visitaThere is the difficulty he suggests of the period tions, if your correspondent can prove his direct between the birth of the eldest and the youngest male descent from the family to whom these arms child in a family; this will vary. I have tested were allowed he has a perfect right to bear them, it by the records of my own family, and find that and has the satisfaction of knowing that he pays the average is about fourteen years. My own the tax on armorial bearings to which he has a mother had seventeen children, and the interval clear and undoubted right. It may be taken, between the birth of the eldest and youngest was however, as a general rule, that no one has a right twenty-two years. Taking the word "generation" to bear the arms of a particular family simply as it refers to the human race, we may add, say, because he bears the name of that family. seven years, as the mean time of difference of age The heralds allowed a certain family of the between the members of the same family, to the Horseys to bear certain distinctive arms, to age of the parent; and, assuming it to be twenty- them and their direct male heirs, and will take three years, it would work out the popular figure, care that to no other family are the same arms or thirty years, for a generation. The royal granted. No persons, therefore, can have the right family is an instance of descents through the to use these arms except those who can clearly elder child. William the Conqueror was born prove their descent from that family. W. T. 1027; Prince Albert Victor (the Queen's grandson) in 1864. The interval was 837 years. The SIR JOHN MACLEAN will, I am sure, forgive me Plantagenet line may be said to end with the for taking exception to his observation that arms birth of Henry VII. in 1456. There would, there-blood: any one, therefore, assuming the arms of "cannot be honestly claimed by a stranger in fore, be fourteen generations in 429 years, or about thirty years to each. The Tudor dynasty may be said to end with the birth of James I., 1566; it embraces 110 years, and includes four generations of twenty-seven and a half years each. The Stuart dynasty may be said to end in 1660, when George I. was born; it comprises ninety-four years, and three descents of thirty-one years each. The Hanoverian dynasty, from the birth of George I., 1660, to that of Prince Albert Victor, 1864, extends over 204 years, and comprises seven generations of twenty-nine years each. On the whole, there would be twenty-eight generations in 837 years, or nearly thirty years each.

Waterford.

JOSEPH FISHER.

HERALDRY: THE RIGHT TO BEAR ARMS (5th S. xi. 29, 152, 177, 196, 271, 309.)-MR. WADE, in quoting the Notitia Anglicana (ante, p. 271), quotes a book of little real authority. There can be no doubt that D. Q. V. S. is strictly correct in his statements, although they are unpalatable. The heralds are, however, generally very courteous, and when it can be proved that certain arms have been borne for several generations and used on plate, &c., they will usually make a grant differing as little as possible from the old arms (as long as this can be done without interfering with the arms of any other family), but with certain differences sufficient to make these arms distinctive to the particular family to which they have been allowed.

Your other correspondent, MR. HORSEY, seems a little hazy on heraldic matters. One would like to know on what authority his statement rests that his arms were assumed in the time of Henry II. (1154 to 1189), when it is known that Richard I. (1189 to 1199) was the first to use arms on his

a family from which he cannot prove a descent takes that which not only does not belong to him, but is the property of some one else," when I refer him to two articles in "N. & Q." showing the reverse, namely, one at p. 477 of vol. ii. of the present series, the other in vol. xii. of the fourth series, p. 135.

Y. S. M.

PRONUNCIATION OF LORD BYRON'S NAME (5th

S. xi. 246, 296.)-Such a point as the pronunciation of a name should scarcely be decided on the writers who, without malice prepense, have confused evidence of Medwin, perhaps the most careless of all the story of Byron and Shelley. Is it not decisive in favour of the long y that Byron occasionally signed his letters to Hodgson and others in Greek characters, thus, MITAIPON?

H. BUXTON FORMAN.

SATURDAY AND THE ROYAL FAMILY (5th S. xi. 287, 317.)-The dates given in the Globe cutting forwarded by AвнBA are, as DR. BREWER states, incorrect so far as William III., Anne, and George I. are concerned. DR. BREWER is, however, himself in error with respect to William III. and Anne. The former died on Sunday, March 8, 1701-2, not the 18th, as stated in the Globe paragraph, which was a Wednesday. That Sunday was the day of the week on which William died is an undisputed historical fact, as will be proved by a reference to Macaulay or any other reliable historian dealing with that period; for we are told that though the day was Sunday Parliament met in order to take steps for rendering the homage of the Estates to William's successor. The 1st of August, 1714, the day on which Queen Anne died, was also a Sunday. This may be very readily verified by a reference to vol. viii. of the Spectator,