171 topmast-stay; 119 jib-stay; 120 flyingjib stay; 121 foretopgallant-stay; 122 maintopgallant-stay; 123 mizzentopgallant-stay; 124 foreroyal-stay; 125 mainroyal-stay; 126 mizzenroyal-stay; 127 foreskysail-stay; 128 mainskysail-stay; 129 mizzenskysail-stay; 130 foretopmast-backstays; 131 maintopmast-backstays; 132 mizzentopmast-backstays; 133 foretopgallant-backstays; 134 maintopgallant-backstays; 135 mizzentopgallant-backstays; 136 foreroyal-backstays; 137 mainroyalbackstays; 138 mizzenroyal-backstays; 139 foreskysail-backstays; 140 mainskysail-backstays; 141 mizzenskysail-backstays; 142 foresail or forecourse; 143 mainsail or mainc irse; 144 crossjack; 145 fore lower topsail; 146 main lower topsail; 147 mizzen lower topsail; 148 fore upper topsail; 149 main upper topsail; 150 mizzen upper topsail; 151 foretopgallant-sail; 152 maintopgallant-sail; 153 mizzentopgallant-sail; 154 foreroyal; 155 mainroyal; 156 mizzenroyal; 157 foreskysail; 158 mainskysail; 159 mizzenskysail; 160 spanker; 161 mizzenstaysail; 162 foretopmast-staysail; foretopmast-staysail; 163 maintopmast lower staysail; 164 maintopmast upper staysail; 165 mizzentopmast-staysail; 166 jib; 167 flying-jib; 168 jib-topsail; 169 maintopgallant-staysail; 170 mizzentopgallant-staysail; mainroyal-staysail; 172 mizzenroyal-staysail; 173 lower studdingsail; 174 foretopmast-studdingsail; 175 maintopmast-studdingsail; 176 foretopgallant-studdingsail; 177 maintopgallantstuddingsail; 178 foreroyal-studdingsail; 179 mainroyal-studdingsail; 180 forelift; 181 mainlift; 182 crossjack-lift; 183 fore lower topsail-lift; 184 main lower topsail-lift; 185 mizzen lower topsail-lift; 186 spanker-boom topping-lift; 187 monkeygaff lift; 188 lower studdingsail-halyards; 189 lower studdingsail inner halyards; 190 foretopmast studdingsail-halyards; 191 maintopmast studdingsail-halyards; 192 foretopgallant studdingsail-halyards; 193 maintopgallant studdingsail-halyards; 194 spanker peak-halyards; 195 signal-halyards; 196 weather jibsheet; 197 weather flying-jib sheet; 198 weather jib topsailsheet; 199 weather fore-sheet; 200 weather main-sheet; weather crossjack-sheet; 202 spanker-sheet; 203 mizzentopgallant staysail-sheet; 204 mainroyal staysail-sheet; 205 mizzenroyal staysail-sheet; 206 lower studdingsail-sheet; 207 foretopmast studdingsail-sheet; 208 foretopmast studdingsail-tack; 209 maintopmast studdingsail-sheet; 210 maintopmast studdingsail-tack; 211 foretopgallant studdingsailsheet; 212 foretopgallant studdingsail-tack; 213 maintopgallant studdingsail-sheet; 214 maintopgallant studdingsailtack; 215 foreroyal studdingsail-sheet; 216 foreroyal studangsail-tack; 217 mainroyal studdingsail-sheet; 218 mainroyal studdingsail-tack; 219 forebrace; 220 mainbrace; 221 crossjackbrace; 222 fore lower topsail-brace; 223 main lower topsailbrace; 224 mizzen lower topsail-brace; 225 fore upper topsailbrace; 226 main upper topsail-brace: 227 mizzen upper topsail-brace; 228 foretopgallant-brace; 229 maintopgallant-brace; 230 mizzentopgallant-brace; 231 foreroyal-brace; 232 main 201 240 royal-brace; 233 mizzenroyal-brace; 234 foreskysail-brace; 235 mainskysail-brace; 236 mizzenskysail-brace; 237 up per maintopsail-downhaul; 238 upper mizzentopsaildownhaul; 239 foretopmast studdingsail-downhaul; maintopmast studdingsail-downhaul; 241 foretopgallant studdingsail-downhaul; 242 maintopgallant studdingsail-downhaul; 243 clew-garnets; 244 clew-lines; 245 spanker-brails; spanker-gaff vangs; 247 monkey-gaff vangs; 248 main bowline; 249 bowline-bridle; 250 foot-ropes; 251 reef-points. 246 P. prow; L. larboard or port; S. starboard; 1, round-house; 2, tiller; 3, grating; 4, wheel; 5, wheel chains; 6, binnacle; 7, 11, mizzen-mast, 8, skylight; 9, capstan; 10, main-mast; pumps; 12, galley, caboose; 13, main hatchway; 14, windlass; 15, foremast; 16, fore-hatchway; 17, bitts; 18, bowsprit; 19, headrail; 20, boomkins; 21, bows; 22, fore-chains; 23, mainchains; 24, mizzen-chains. SLOOP YACHT SAILING ON PORT TACK. 1, club topsail; 2, club topsail sprit; 3, (upper) topsail club; 4, club topsail guy; 5, (lower) mainsail; 6, jib topsail; 7, jib (forestaysail and jib in one); 8, bowsprit; 9, club topsail tack line; 10, main sheet; 11, foresail or staysail sheet; 12, jib topsail sheet; 13, topping lift; 14, gaff topsail clewed down; 15 tack of jib; 16, tack of jib topsail; 17, luff of jib topsail; 18, head of jib topsail; 19, jib topsail halyards; 20, leach of jib topsail; 21, main gaff; 22, main boom; 23, main topmast; 24, foot of jib; 25, (upper) leach of jib; 26, (lower) clew of jib; 27, reef points; 28, tack of mainsail; 29, clew of mainsail; 30, peak of mainsail; 31, throat of mainsail; 32, main cross trees; 33, mast head runner and tackle; 34, head of club topsail; 35, clew of club topsail; 36, tack of club topsail; 37, topmast shrouds. QUEER RIGS. One of the most simple of rigs for sailing vessels, that of the schooner, or "fore and after," is of comparatively modern date, but the "square rig," or that in which sails are suspended from yards across the masts, is as old as the first attempt to propel vessels by wind power. With increase of knowledge relative to ships has come a marked increase in size. What was a fair size for a fullrigged ship a hundred years ago is now hardly up to the average of coastwise schooners, while some of the four or five-masted coasters of to-day would have been considered dangerous to go to sea in years ago, by reason of their large sail area, and unprofitable on account of the large cargoes required to fill them. . The full-rigged brig, a vessel with two masts, both square rigged, was for many years a favorite with the navigator, but latter-day sailors cannot understand why, for they were clumsy in appearance and unwieldy to handle. They were expensive too. One of 200 tons would require at least six men "before the mast," while a schooner of the same tonnage will require only three men, sail closer to the wind, and outfoot the brig whether sailing "close-hauled" or "running free." The old brig is not often seen in waters near New York, but its place is taken by the hermaphrodite brig, a compromise between the brig and schooner in which the foremast is rigged square and the mainmast has the fore and aft sail, with a big gaff-topsail. A number of years ago an ingenious Boston man invented a rig which was successfully used for some time. It was a double gaff-topsail. The mainsail was about the size of a single-reefed sail, then came the lower gafftopsail, and then the upper, hoisted on hoops on the topmast, and so rigged that when a blow came on it clewed down snug to the mainmast head, while the lower one could be carried until it would be necessary to take a reef in a common mainsail. Many people who know better confound an hermaphrodite brig with a brigantine. The difference is that a brigantine carries a square sail on her mainmast, while an hermaphrodite brig has the gaff-topsail. In the days of the clipper ship, captains would boast of the amount of sail they could successfully carry. Foot by foot they added to the height of their masts, and above the "royal," which is usually the highest, came the "skysail," "moonsail" and "stargazer," while strange tales are told of ambitious skippers who piled on above these "moonmakers," "heaven disturbers" and "God above alls," but there are no records of such ships ever having come to New York. The old China "tea clipper," and later the Rio "coffee carriers" before the days of "tramp tea kettles," were notorious for the free use of what are called "studding sails." This sail, which is the bane of the sailor's life, is said to have been invented by a woman, the wife of an East India captain. In this rig, booms are passed out through irons on the end of the main yard, and the sail is hoisted to the end of the upper topsail yard and "sheeted home" to the end of the boom, while the tack hauls straight down on deck. A rig which has caused much argument among sailors regarding the sails spread is that known as the "jackass bark." This peculiar rig includes square sails on the topmasts and all above, while the lower masts are rigged in fore-and-aft fashion, like a schooner, except that the sails are not so high. The topsail schooner is another rig rapidly going out of date, although it is still to be seen on the Spanish Main and in parts of the Caribbean Sea. During the days of Blackbeard, the pirate, and Morgan, the buccaneer, the topsail schooner was the pet rig of the freebooters who cruised among the Bahamas and along the Florida coast. This craft carried a boom and gaff foresail, with a square fore-topsail, and sometimes a topgallant sail and royal, while the main was rigged wholly fore and aft. Some of the queerest rigs which come into port, however, are occasioned by storms at sea. It is by no means an uncommon occurrence for ships to be dismasted far away from port. Sometimes a skipper will see his "sticks" break off close to the deck, at other times his lower masts may be left. One, two or three may go, and carry all their spars, sails and tackle with them. It is |