of the attributes of territory. If a ship is confiscated on account of piracy or of violation of custom-house laws in a foreign port, or is there attached by the owner's creditor and becomes his property, we never think that territory has been taken away. For a crime committed in port a vessel may be chased into the high seas and there arrested, without a suspicion that territorial rights have been violated, while to chase a criminal across the borders and seize him on foreign soil is a gross offense against sovereignty. Again, a private vessel when it arrives in a foreign port, ceases to be regarded as territory, unless treaty provides otherwise, and then becomes merely the property of aliens. Private ships have certain qualities resembling those of territory: First, as against their crews on the high seas; for the territorial or municipal law accompanies them as long as they are beyond the reach of other law, or until they come within the bounds of some other jurisdiction. Again, as against foreigners, who are excluded on the high seas from any act of sovereignty over them, just as if they were a part of the soil of their country. Public vessels stand on a higher ground: they are not only public property, built or bought by the government, but they are, as it were, floating barracks, a part of the public organism, and represent the national dignity, and on these accounts, even in foreign ports, are exempt from the local jurisdiction. In both cases, however, it is on account of the crew, rather than of the ship itself, that they have any territorial quality. Take the crew away, let the abandoned hulk he met at sea; it now becomes property, and nothing

more.

The high sea is free and open to all nations. The liberty of the sea and of navigation is now admitted on all hands. But formerly the ocean, or portions of it, were claimed as monopoly. Thus the Portuguese prohibited other nations from sailing in the seas of Guinea and to the East Indies. "No native-born Portuguese or alien," says one of the ancient royal ordinances, "shall traverse the lands or seas of Guinea and the Indies, or any territory conquered by us, without license, on pain of death and the loss of all his goods."

The Spanish nation formerly claimed the right of excluding all others from the Pacific. Against such claims, especially of the Portuguese, Grotius wrote his "Mare Liberum," in 1609, in which he lays down the general principle of the free right of navigation, and that the sea cannot be made property, and refutes the claims of the Portuguese to the discovery of countries which the ancients have left us an account of, as well as their claims through the donation of Pope Alexander VI. And yet the countrymen of Grotius, who had been defenders of the liberty of the seas, sought to prevent the Spaniards, going to the Philippines, from taking the route of the Cape of Good Hope. The English, in the seventeenth century, claimed property in the seas surrounding Great Britain, as far as to the coasts of the neighboring countries, and in the eighteenth only softened down the claim of property into one of sovereignty. Selden, who in 1635, published his "Mare Clausum," while he contends against the monopolizing pretensions of Spain and Portugal, contends zealously on the ground of certain weak ancient precedents for this claim of his country. "The shores and ports of the neighboring states," says he, “are the limits of the British sea-empire, but in the wide ocean to the north and west the limits are yet to be constituted." Russia, finally, at a more recent date, based an exclusive claim to the Pacific, north of the 51st degrees, upon the ground that this part of the ocean was a passage to shores lying exclusively within her jurisdiction. But this claim was resisted by our government, and withdrawn in the temporary convention of 1824. A treaty of the same empire with Great Britain in 1825 contained similar, concessions. The rights of all nations to the use of the high sea being the same, their right to fish upon the high seas, or on banks and shoal places in them are equal.-From Woolsey's "International Law.”

SEASICKNESS.

The amount of suffering caused by this disease is beyond estimate, and is a subject that has been grappled with for centuries and given up as beyond solution, The

popular and even professional view has been that seasickness was mainly a disease of the stomach, liver and digestive apparatus; and all the treatment that has been. advised, such as capsicum, calomel and champagne, and cathartics, and starvation, and feeding acids, and bitters, and belts around the body-have been prescribed on the theory that the disorder was of the stomach. This mistake in reasoning was inevitable; the symtoms of vomiting were the most prominent of the malady, though not always the most annoying, and it was natural for the non-expert human mind to refer the disease to the stomach. In sick headaches the same error was made, and only recently are we beginning to know that the symptoms of nausea and vomiting, which belong to this disease, come from the brain, and as a natural and very pleasant result, have learned how to relieve and break up this terribly annoying disorder. Seasickness belongs to the brain and spinal cord more than to the stomach and digestive apparatus. This is no dream or theory, but represents extensive experiments and much experience at sea on long and short voyages, and seasickness is an evil that can be avoided if treated in harmony with this philosophy. The number of those who travel for pleasure and business is enormously great, but it would be far greater were it not for the horrors of seasickness. The Atlantic travel would certainly be doubled were it known that seasickness is, in a majority of cases, entirely un

necessary.

REMEDIES FOR SEASICKNESS.

A correspondent of the St. James Gazette says that the drinking of salt-water is a perfect cure for seasickness, though it makes the drinker very miserable for a few minutes after he takes the cure. A sailor recommended it to the sufferer in question. The assertion of the sailors is said to be that it never fails.

Prof. Watson Smith announces that in the artificial alkaloid, antipyrine, discovered in 1883, by Knorr, of Erlangan, a potent remedy for seasickness has been found. The source of this antipyrine is that also of the

aniline colors-viz., aniline-and thus, strange to say, this medicament is manufactured in the works of a large German firm producing alkalies, acids, and coal tar colors. Antipyrine may then be a considered as a coal tar product. According to the Compt. Rend., 1897, 105, 947, E. Dupuy administered antipyrine during the last three days before embarking and the first three days of an ocean voyage, in doses of 3 grammes per day. He states that none of the persons thus treated suffered from seasickness during the voyage across the Atlantic oceana sufficiently severe test certainly. Again, another and independent authority, M. Ossian-Bonnet (Compt. Rend., 1887, 105, 1,028), states that antipyrine acts excellently as a remedy against seasickness. In most cases a dose of 1 grammes is sufficient, the effect being manifested in about ten minutes. In other cases the dose must be repeated. M. Ossian-Bonnet never required to use more than 3 grammes, in two doses, in order to completely remove the evil within an hour. In some cases, which were very rare, when the sick person, in consequence of continued vomiting, could not take the remedy, a subcutaneous injection of one gramme of antipyrine proved sufficient to remove the seasickness.

TREATMENT OF SEASICKNESS.

Many people have a genuine curiosity to know if they would be seasick in case they should take an ocean voyage. An easy way to put the matter to a test is to stand before the ordinary bureau mirror that turns in its frame, and let some one move it slowly and slightly at first, and gradually growing faster, while you look fixedly at your own reflection. If you feel no effect whatever from it, the chances are that you can stand an ordinary sea voyage without any qualm.

Persons intending to cross the ocean should for several weeks before embarking take daily exercise in the open air to get the general system in a good condition. To the same end they should eat a moderate quantity of plain food, especially avoiding what is heavy, greasy or constipating. They should select a stateroom as near the middle of the steamer as possible,

In a paper upon "The Preventive Treatment of Seasickness," in 1895, Dr. A. D. Rockwell favored the use of bromides before and after sailing. He said: "The bromide of sodium is preferable to the bromide of potassium, since it is better adapted to the stomach. I began three days before sailing to prepare for a prevention of an attack of seasickness. I took 100 grains of bromide of sodium, in divided doses each day for three days before I started, and kept up the treatment four days after sailing. I was not sick at all in crossing the Atlantic. I experienced no ill effects whatever from the use of the medicine. It is not so much the bromides that prevent seasickness, but it is bromization."

Dr. V. A. Chapman, late surgeon of the HollandAmerican line, writing to the Medical Record, says: "If those about to depart upon a voyage would take eight hourly doses of one-fourth grain of calomel each on the day before embarkation, go to bed early that evening and take two or three doses of one-fiftieth grain of strychnine nitrate the next forenoon, about one-half the cases of seasickness would be obviated."

Some tourists are never seasick so long as they lie on their backs and keep their eyes closed. The passenger who is seasick should remain in his berth until 9 or 10 o'clock in the morning and have the steward bring him what little food he takes. He should not go to the table in the cabin until all symptoms of seasickness have left him, as the very sight and odor of the rich food will surely make him worse. A dry diet is usually the best and until the patient feels certain that he is over the worst of the attack he should rely largely upon seabiscuit or water crackers. As he gets better he may take gruels and broths. The latter should be free from grease. Raw oysters with lemon juice may be eaten.

After vomiting the patient should drink a cup of hot water in which there is a pinch of soda, and it is all the better if this is ejected, as it clears the stomach of bile and mucus.

Lime or lemon juice, in water without sugar, should be taken several times a day, both before sailing and during the voyage, for its action on the liver and bowels