directed to prepare amendatory enactments as to the separation of property and corresponding ordinances. The association consequently now judged the moment suitable for recommencing the agitation in the Riksdag for the proprietary rights of the married woman.

Two of the directors of the association introduced bills on this matter in the Riksdag of 1892. Count H. Hamilton moved for the repeal of the matrimonial right in respect to such landed estate in cities and towns as either the husband or the wife had inherited during the marriage, or had obtained previous to their marriage, and moved that a husband should not have the power to transfer, mortgage, or dispose of any real estate owned by the couple in common without having the consent of the wife. Mr. M. Höjer moved for the abolition of a husband's guardianship over his wife, as well as the revocation of the community of property of a married couple. Count Hamilton's proposition passed in the Second Chamber, but was defeated in the First, while Mr. Höjer's bill was rejected in both Chambers.

Simultaneously with the proceedings in the Riksdag, the association had caused a pamphlet to be published, entitled "The Main Points in Swedish Statutes Regarding Women," written by Mr. Karl Straff, a young lawyer. It is a popular exposition of the enactments relative to women, and proclaims the injustices and disparities still in existence. Besides this pamphlet already mentioned, the association has published fifteen essays, under the title, "Concerning the Proprietary Rights of the Married Woman," discussing the methods followed by the association, and setting forth the bills introduced in the Riksdag, the debates concerning them, and the enactments made by the Legislature, the memorials submitted by committees, the competitory papers on plans for legislative measures, the addresses made at the meetings of the association, etc.

In addition, the association has caused a form for wills to be prepared and published for the guidance of parents who might wish that the fortune inherited by their daugh

ters should remain entirely or partially under their own control, even after they are married.

The board of directors appointed by the association has nine regular and three supplementary members. The president is elected from among the members of the board, as well as the vice-president and the secretary and treasurer. These offices have since the organization of the association been held by the following persons:

Presidents: Mr. T. G. Almquist (1873-78), Professor H. Gylden (1878-86), Baron B. O. Stackelberg (1886-88), and Count Hamilton (1888). Vice-presidents: Mrs. T. Limnell (1873-86) and Mrs. A. Retzius (1886). Secretaries and treasurers: Mrs. E. Anharsuard (1873-86), Mrs. E. Lind of Hageby (1886-89), Miss C. Nauman (1891), Miss M. Ceduschiald (1892).

At present the other members of the board are: Mrs. E. Anharsuard; Mr. E. Beckman, member of the Second Chamber of the Riksdag; Mr. H. Sohlman, editor; Mr. M. Höjer, member of the Second Chamber of the Riksdag; Mrs. A. Berfstedt; Mr. C. Lindhagen, accessor of the high court of law; and the supplementary members, Miss Ellen Fries and the Misses G. Hjelmecrus and A. Lindhagen.

It is nearly twenty years since the association was formed, and many are the obstacles which it has had to surmount, such as the repugnance natural in man to resign any of his privileges, the women's indifference, and the conservatism of legislators, and still the chief object of the association remains unattained, namely, the revocation of a husband's guardianship over his wife.

The association can nevertheless with satisfaction consider what has been accomplished by means of its activity: many prejudices are undermined by it; the righteousness of its aims is being more widely acknowledged; men and women conspicuous for ability and discernment have joined the association, and given it their support; by an act of 1874 the married woman is allowed to be mistress of her

own earnings; and other reforms have also been brought about by the association.

The association has then every reason to look hopefully to the future, assured one day, sooner or later, of seeing the completion of its proposed task: woman declared equal to man judicially as well as socially, as a citizen and as a human being.

CHAPTER X.-INDUSTRIES AND OCCUPATIONS.

PREFATORY COMMENT BY THE EDITOR - EXTRACTS FROM ADDRESSES DELIVERED IN THE GENERAL CONGRESS AND FROM DISCUSSIONS OF THESE ADDRESSES BY AUGUSTA COOPER BRISTOL, LINA MORGENSTERN, ELIZABET KASELOWSKY, JUANA A. NEAL, KARLA MACHOVA, FLORENCE ELIZABETH CORY, EMILY SARTAIN, M. B. ALLING, LUETTA E. BRAUMULLER, M. LOUISE MCLAUGHLIN, ALICE M. HART, HELENA T. GOESSMANN, KAETHE SCHIRMACHER, ALICE TIMMONS TOOMY, REV. ANNA H. SHAW, EMILY MARSHALL WADSWORTH, KATE BOND, AND HARRIETTE A. KEYSER-Brief EXTRACTS FROM A PAPER PREPARED FOR THE REPORT CONGRESS BY E. E. ANDERSON-BRIEF EXTRACTS FROM AN ADDRESS DELIVERED IN THE DEPARTMENT CONGRESS OF THE NATIONAL COLUMBIAN HOUSEHOLD EcoNOMIC ASSOCIATION BY MARY COLEMAN STUCKERT — Address Delivered IN THE SAME Department Congress by Jane ADDAMS.

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HE idea is still current that as a rule women are ported" by men. Upon this popular delusion the following pages throw much light. The speakers cited in this chapter regard the general theme from a marked variety of standpoints. The views presented reflect to a degree the nationality, the actual and the relative social positions, of their respective authors; but the variety in method of approaching and treating the industrial position of women, and the diversity of occupations from which the illustrations are drawn, only emphasize certain central facts.

No class of people entertains higher ideals of family life, or has a clearer and nobler conception of the reciprocal obligations of men and women in the home, than the class usually referred to as "women of advanced ideas." It is also in the homes of this class of women that the highest average of domestic happiness, and of all that properly may be included in the phrase domestic success, is unquestionably found. The literature bearing upon domestic problems

which has been produced by women proves that the class of women called "advanced" anticipates the time when the value of human life will be appreciated more highly, and the influence of prenatal conditions and of early training will be understood better. Women then will do no work outside of the home during the years when they are bearing and rearing children, and then fathers will cease to be merely family banks, and will regard an active share in the training, education, and personal care of their children as the inevitable result of paternity. Doubtless, in general, a mother alone can "bring up" children better than a father alone can; but sometime the race will have reached a stage in its development when it will not rest satisfied with a choice between evils; when, instead of accepting the better of two defects, it will demand a positive good; then it will demand and obtain for infancy the combined personal attention of both fathers and mothers.

Before this state can be reached the whole industrial situation must undergo a change. One element in this change. is a recognition of the pecuniary value of woman's time, of woman's labor. The pecuniary value of the time and labor spent by women in their homes, in the care of their children. and in establishing the social relations of the family and directing its social life, will never be understood and admitted until woman has demonstrated to the average mind the pecuniary value of her services in all outside occupations, industries, trades, and professions.

The present state of the industrial world as exhibited in this chapter affords such a demonstration. The demonstration involves statements from which may be inferred the degree to which women actually contribute to carrying on the labor and business of the world. It exhibits a nearly universal consciousness in women of their right to do any work they can do, unhampered by abstract considerations of original divine intention or of ultimate divine purpose. It shows a growing inclination to demand that pay shall be determined by the quantity and