have refrained from doing so, and by a concentration of effort, which otherwise might easily be squandered, have won respect and confidence, which should be jealously guarded and steadily increased by the faithful loyalty and personal interest of every woman within its ranks. It is of course impossible to record the many friendly ties which have been formed, or the helpfulness of the social relations between members, but all these circumstances, no less than more definite intellectual activities, prove the value and importance of the association.

Henry Drummond has said, “The kingdom of God is a society of the best men working for the best end, with the best methods," and he pleads for its realization in the daily activities of mankind. It is not too much to say that the aim, the method, and the spirit of the Association of Collegiate Alumnæ should be in harmony with this thought.

RESULTS OF CLUB LIFE AMONG WOMEN UPON THE HOME - ADDRESS BY LUCILIA W. LEARNED OF MISSOURI.

In judging of any work so new to woman as work in intellectual clubs still is, it is only fair to regard tendencies and possibilities as well as actual accomplishment.

By a process of stern experiment through ages of barbarism and centuries of growing civilization, it has come to be one of the settled convictions of the race that the reciprocal love of one man and one woman, with equal morality and equal intelligence for both, makes the best foundation for that fairest blossom of human life-the home. the home. This is why Goethe said that monogamy is the highest achievement of civilization; it makes possible the home, which is the source of all private morality and the safeguard of public virtue.

The home is by common consent woman's sphere; in it she has a rounded whole of her own. Whatever other spheres she may rightly enter and fill with her activities,

here is her first and most important province. The home, whatever it is, becomes the doom of every child born into it — makes or mars the happiness of all inmates; within its walls civilization is always advancing or declining. I think it was Balzac who said that when man had civilized all else, woman would be the last to be civilized by him. If this be true, it can only be because in that part of his nature most nearly concerning his relation to woman, man himself remains longest a savage. But, while freely admitting that in some departments woman seems to be a laggard in the civilizing process, we do not grant the premise implied in Balzac's remark, for it is not so much man that civilizes woman as it is woman that civilizes and educates man. Who, in the home, receives earliest her love and care? The new-born new-born child. Who trains him"young savage in his age of flint"-if not the mother? So that, when as husband he begins a home of his own, his wife receives him civilized or barbarous, according as some woman has made him the one or the other. From that time forth no growth into higher civilization is possible that does not come to each in and through that of the other. Love and equity, those infinite, omnipotent forces, are the great civilizers that should work in every home. What does the home need that club-life can give it through women?

No one doubts that the average home needs much to lift it from the plane of matter and physical drudgery;. much to infuse into it a higher element of intellectual and moral life. It needs other and larger interests than those relating to provision for the body's comfort and well-being; it needs finer pleasures than the ordinary amusements of society bestow; it requires on the part of the wife, the mother, the sister, some share in the larger knowledge, the larger activities, responsibilities, duties, even anxieties, that develop a noble womanhood. In truth, the woman in the home needs "all the aliment given to heroic souls to increase heroism," if she is to train heroes. If woman is to

WESTERN WOMEN AUTHORS AND JOURNALISTS — ADDRESS BY EMMELINE B. WELLS OF UTAH.

In colonizing a new country, especially one barren and desolate, one would naturally suppose that there would be very little poetry in the atmosphere or in the hearts of the women who had endured all the trials and privations incident to a journey through an unknown country. Indeed one would think there would be as a natural consequence a barrenness of ideas; but the grand and lofty mountains with snowy caps, the almost impassable cañons, the howling coyotes, the profound and wondrous silence of the great desert, the dead inland sea, all these gave the rude materials to both prose writer and poet.

When the emigrants reached the great Salt Lake, when the dear old flag was unfurled and floated to the breeze for the first time on Mexican soil from the lofty pinnacle of Ensign Peak, the heart of the poet-patriot, Eliza R. Snow, burst into a song that immortalized the glorious and signifi

cant event.

From that time the spirit of poesy, crude perchance compared with the finished songs and hymns of those whose lives were cast in more pleasant places, yet rich enough in rude imagery and true to life in that which touches the depths of the human soul, flourished. And so it was that woman made more endurable the lives of scarcity and privation because the germ of poesy, the divine sympathy with nature in its wildest, its serenest and most plaintive moods, found response in the heart of woman, whose prophetic inspiration wove the stirring and pathetic themes into song and story. The very wildness and barrenness of the Rocky Mountain region forced from the lips and pen of the poet the utterances that urged the people on and helped them to fulfill the simple duties of every-day life. The singers were unconsciously interpreting the thoughts of the weary pilgrims who were opening up a great high

way across the American desert to the Golden Gate of the Pacific Ocean.

As soon as possible in 1850, three years after the arrival of the pioneers, a newspaper was published, The Deseret Times, and women contributed to its columns both prose and verse; but the idea that a woman's paper should be established seemed to have a spontaneous origin, and on the first day of June, 1872, the first copy of the Woman's Exponent, a semi-monthly paper, was issued, with Lulu Green Richards, and afterward Emmeline B. Wells, as editor. This opened a new avenue for women poets and writers that has developed much talent through the twenty-one years of its publication. This was the first woman's paper west of the Mississippi, except the New North-West, in Portland, Ore., and about the same time that the Woman's Exponent appeared in Utah, The Golden Dawn was established in San Francisco. These three were the pioneer women's papers of the West.

The Exponent has given a fine opportunity for women to express their views upon all subjects, and has made a record of charitable, industrial, and professional work among women in the West, and of current matters and events of importance that have been invaluable in our woman's work for the Columbian Exposition.

The poems of Sarah E. Carmichael, one of our Utah girls, have been so widely celebrated that William Cullen Bryant selected from her works for his edition of "Poets of America." Among the women who have been fortunate enough to bring out books of prose and verse must be mentioned Augusta Joyce Crocheson, who issued "Wild Flowers of the Desert," and one book for children. Hannah T. King, an English woman, published "Songs of the Heart," Scripture Women," and an "Epic Poem." Other women, lists of whose books would fill pages, have published books of their own writings and translations from the German. Of those who have contributed largely to the newspapers and magazines in Utah, of which we have a large number, are Emily Hill Woodmansee, Ellen B. Ferguson, Berley La

monte, Josephine Spinner, Annie Wells Cannon, Ellen Galeman, Martha A. Y. Greenhalgh, Mary A. Freeze, Ruth M. Fox, Lillie T. Freeze, and a host of others.

EDUCATION OF THE SWEDISH WOMAN-REPORT BY LAURA KIELER OF SWEDEN.

A deep love of knowledge is a distinguishing feature in the character of the Swedes. To promote education, larger sums are sacrificed in Sweden than in other European countries, in proportion to the insignificant national property of the country.

The Swedish woman has not manifested less love of knowledge than is attributed to her nation. She has always been trying to obtain a degree of knowledge as high as the customs and the laws of the country allow. Though the time of the female sex has chiefly been filled up with prac tical occupations, several women of learning are mentioned in our chronicles, and some school education has for centuries been considered necessary for woman. In the middle of this century claims arose for a higher standard in the education of women. The national school education has always been the same for both sexes. The object of the national schools is to give the rising generation the first elements of an education. These schools correspond to the primary and grammar schools here in America. The establishment of such schools goes as far back as the end of the sixteenth and the beginning of the seventeenth centuries. By the ordinance of June 18, 1842, it was settled that in each parish there should be at least one school with a duly approved teacher, and that the attendance should be compulsory. Between the years of seven and fourteen the children are said to be in the school age.

The national schools impart instruction in the Swedish language, religion, writing, arithmetic, geography, Swedish and general history, geometry, natural history, needlework,