drawing, singing, and gymnastics. In the upper classes cookery has begun to be introduced since 1889.

Besides these there are so-called continuation schools, the object of which is to give, in one or two years, further instruction to those pupils who, with good testimonials, have passed the national school, and wish to increase their knowledge for practical purposes.

Sixty-one per cent of teachers in the national schools are In the country the salary for male and female teachers is the same. In Stockholm a female teacher has about two-thirds as much as a male.

Those parents who do not wish to send their daughters to the national schools, and who want them to get a knowledge of foreign languages, either send them to the higher girls' schools, which are entirely private undertakings, or to private classes, or else they have them taught at home by governesses. In our country there exist at the present moment about one hundred and twenty-four large higher girls' schools. Connected with most of our girls' schools is a preparatory school with two or three classes receiving beginners, generally at six years of age. The higher school proper has, in the large towns, mostly eight classes, of one year's duration each. At some schools there exists, connected with the higher school proper, a so-called continuation school, having for its object, first, to prepare for admission to the university; or second, to prepare for the training college; or third, to impart knowledge necessary for a general education, or else required in practical occupations. The higher schools impart instruction in the same subjects as the national school, and besides in French, German, and English.

Of late great attention has been devoted to the hygienic conditions of schools. At the larger ones school physicians are appointed, partly in order to superintend the hygienic conditions in general, partly to examine the state of health of the pupils, and judge whether they may be admitted to gymnastics. The pupils are drilled every day in Ling's

gymnastics. The instruction in the girls' schools is chiefly managed by lady teachers. For the training of female teachers there are six training colleges, all founded by the state, and with instruction quite free of cost.

For grown-up girls we have schools called "The People's High Schools for Women." The pupils of these schools belong chiefly to the farmer class. There are no entrance examinations, but as a rule the pupils are presumed to possess the standard of knowledge imparted in the national schools. The movement for this kind of school began in Denmark. The Swedish schools have developed themselves, however, independently. The first school for women of this kind was founded in 1869. Now there are thirteen. The subjects of study are the Swedish language, history and geography, free lectures on ethical and religious subjects, hygiene, knowledge of natural science, dairy management (the outlines), arithmetic, domestic bookkeeping, singing, gymnastics, and needlework.

The time of instruction covers the three summer months of May, June, and July, during which period the homes of the farmers are considered most able to spare their young daughters. The school, always being situated in the country, does not remove them out of their ordinary conditions of life, which remain at school quite as simple as at home. The people's high school is a home to its pupils -a large, good, loving home, where the most intimate intercourse of thought and feeling exists between teachers and pupils. The country people of the neighborhood enjoy coming there to refresh themselves from their every-day toil by listening to the singing and the lectures. In this way the school becomes the center of its neighborhood. The country girl, when returning home, carries with her increased knowledge as well as increased practical abilities, and in addition a mind opened and made receptive to wider views.

The superior education of women the state has seen to by conferring upon women the same rights as upon men

for studying at the universities. The two universities of Sweden, that of Upsala and that of Lund, were founded respectively in 1477 and 1668; from both the female sex was excluded until the third of June, 1870. Then a writ was issued conferring upon women the right of passing the examinations for the university, and of matriculating at the universities, and of following the profession of a physician. Since that time the number of female students has been increasing from year to year. The examination for the university is passed either in the classical or in the mathematical division.

The classical division comprises the following compulsory subjects of examination: Swedish composition, theology, Latin, French, German, mathematics and physics, history, geography, botany, and philosophy. Optional subjects are: Greek, Hebrew, and English; one of these languages is, however, obligatory. In the mathematical division classical languages are not studied, but the requirements of knowledge in the three modern languages, in mathematics and in physics, are greater than in the classical department; and besides, chemistry has to be studied. Most of the women have passed their examinations in the classical department.

Of the young ladies who have passed the examination for the university, only about thirty-eight per cent have matriculated. Some have gone back into private life, and some have found employment as post, railway, or bank officials, or else as teachers. The theological faculty in the university is not open to women. At the faculty of jurisprudence there are several examinations, out of which the one for "candidatus juris utriusque" is the principal of those most commonly taken. This examination has been passed by only one lady, Miss Etta Exchelsson.

The course of study in the medical faculty extends from seven to nine years from the time of matriculation. Only two ladies, the Misses Widerstrom and Anderson, have hitherto finished their medical studies and are practicing as

physicians, but a considerable number of women are study. ing medicine. The medical faculty in Stockholm is open also to ladies, and follows the same rules for the examinations. The philosophical faculty is divided into a philosophical section and a mathematical-scientific section.

The examinations within both these sections are:
Baccalaureate.

First

Second

Licentiate.

A licentiate, after having written a scientific dissertation and successfully defended the contents of it against opponents chosen by the university, is created "Doctor of Philosophy." About twenty-three women have passed the examinations first mentioned, whereas the licentiate has hitherto been passed by only one woman, Miss Ellen Fries. The faculty of science of Stockholm, founded in 1878, has, like the faculty of philology of Gothenburg, founded in 1890, from the first opened its lecture halls to women.

Langa Kovalevsky, a well-known Russian mathematician, was for years attached as professor to the former.

THE NEW ENGLAND WOMAN'S PRESS ASSOCIATIONREPORT BY BELLE GRANT ARMSTRONG OF MASSACHUSETTS.

The N. E. W. P. A., as we long ago shortened its cumbersome name to read, was one of the first woman's press associations formed in this country after the International Woman's Press Association had its birth. The rather feeble life of the latter began in New Orleans when a number of newspaper women, finding themselves there at the exposition, had the inspiration to bind themselves into a fraternal body. If their actual life did not get much beyond the paper upon which it was recorded, the spirit lived on.

The secretary of this International Press Association of Women was Mrs. Marion A. McBride of Boston. She was one of the first newspaper women in the East, and is one of

the ablest of the guild. She has unusual executive ability, and this, during the past few years, has been turned to the propagation of the theories and possible practices of domestic science. To Mrs. McBride we owe the New England Woman's Press Association, or at any rate its foundation. In November, 1885, half a dozen newspaper women of Boston met at her call in Mrs. Sallie Joy White's room in the Boston Herald office. Besides Mrs. McBride and Mrs. White there were present Mrs. Merrill, then Miss Hatch; Mrs. Cora Stuart Wheeler, now well-known for her lectures. as well as for her pen work; Miss Helen M. Winslow, and Miss Grace W. Soper. From this beginning the association, then and there formed, grew into a prosperous body, and one that is now among the prominent women's organizations of Boston.

To quote from the constitution:

The objects of this association are to promote acquaintance and good fellowship among newspaper women, to elevate the work and the workers, and to forward by concerted action through the press such good objects in social, philanthropic, and reformatory lines as may from time to time present themselves.

It is but fair to say that, as we have grown older, the rather conceited notion of our youth as to elevating the work and the workers, while meant no less now than formerly, is nevertheless expressed less effusively. In the revised version of our constitution, now in the hands of a committee, the aim to elevate is to be read between the lines instead of upon them. The skeleton of any body is a mass of dry bones. How clothe them in any manner that shall properly be labeled a report, and yet hope to give them interest for you?

If I could usher you all, as it would give me much pleasure to do, into one of our monthly literary meetings and high teas, I could imagine, upon occasion, your having a sufficiently pleasant time to warrant you in feeling that at any rate the social element of the club is successful.

"The elevation of the work and the workers," was never