hospital for children at Dresden. From there he was called to Braunschweig. He has written extensively. Perhaps his best known work is a paper published while under Volkmann, on "The Surgery of the Mammary Gland." It is to be found in the Langenbeck's Archives. He has also written voluminously on orthopedic surgery, especially club foot. At present he is engaged on an article detailing his experience and views in reference to "The Surgery of Chronic Hip Joint Disease." Personally, Prof. Sprengel is an agreeable man to meet. It has been my privilege and pleasure to witness operations by him upon nearly every region of the body. His is the best type of the conservative surgeon, i. e., conservatism based on extensive knowledge. I have seen him do no reckless surgery, and this means that I saw only the best possible results from his work. His aseptic methods are ideal, and the results are likewise. He has visited the United States, and knows many of our surgeons, and speaks of them and of their work with respect. This will, I am sure, be appreciated the more, when I state that at one clinic which I visited in Germany, it is a tradition handed down from a long line of American students, that the name of no physician or surgeon of the United States has ever been mentioned there. The German medical man who has not been in America, is frequently quite a different individual from the one who has.

Professor Beneke, who has charge of the pathological laboratory, is the son of the late Professor Beneke, who was Professor of Pathology at the University of Marburg, from 1866 to 1882. For three years he served as interne in the German Hospital in London. It was here that the idea was conceived of establishing in Germany seaside hospitals for the treatment of children, such as the Margate Hospital in England. He was aided in this philanthropic enterprise by the Emperor, who subscribed $65,000, one-half of the amount required to start the project. The balance Professor Beneke secured through his own efforts. The first hospital was established in Norderney Island in the North Sea. This was followed by those at Wyk, Great Muntz and Zoppot. He died in 1882, before his first hospital was completed. The present Dr. Beneke was educated at Marburg, and took his degree as doctor of medicine at Strasburg. He was in the Pathological Institute at Leipsic three years, during one of which he served as clinical assistant to Professor Wagner. From Leipsic he was called to Braunschweig. Since coming to this hospital he has been appointed lecturer on Medical Jurisprudence at the University of Gottingen. His best known writings are: "Hyaline Degeneration of Unstripped Muscles," "The Organization of Thrombus and Tumors of the Supra-Renal Tissue of the Kidney." He is at present engaged on a work in Pathological Histology. Professor Beneke's laboratory for pathological and bacteriological investigations is complete in every detail. The room for post-mortem examinations being especially fine. The facilities for original research are also good. While studying bacteriology under his direction, I was interested to observe his researches on the emulsification of fat in the living body. Rabbits were principally used in the experiments. The humane way in which he avoided causing them suffering, would please the most exacting member of an antivivisection society. It would, also, help answer the question in the

negative, that all German scientists are inhuman when dealing with the lower animals. Professor Beneke is also the originator of many valuable methods which facilitate the study of bacteria, and the science of pathology has been greatly enriched by his labors.

Professor Schulz took charge of the Department of Internal Medicine in 1884. He was a student of Zurich, Leipsic, Wurzburg, Bavaria, and again at Leipsic, where he received his degree in 1873. After serving six months as soldier, and six months as military physician, he became assistant to Professor Wagner in the Pathological Institute and Medical Polyclinic at Leipsic. Later he served as assistant to Professor Erb at Heidelberg. He also has three assistants and every facility that modern medical science has provided to aid him in the onerous duties of his position. I mention these men and their qualifications to give force to my first statement, viz., that in order to study medicine in Europe, it is not necessary to crowd into the clinics in the larger cities, and study medicine and surgery with the aid of an opera glass while sitting at the edge of the horizon on a hard-board bench,

PROF. SCHULZ.

One cannot reside long in Germany without being greatly impressed with the value to its professional men (to say nothing of its good effect in certain directions on the rest of the population) of its two greatest educational forces: the schools and the army. It is my belief that this nation owes more, for its present pre-eminent scientific standing, to the thorough training which the male population receive in the schools, supplemented by the later training in the army, than to anything else. The one trains the mind, the other both the mind and body. From the time the boy enters his first school until he leaves it, he is under what amounts to military discipline. Nothing but a physician's certificate will permit him to be absent for a single hour. Death or a wedding in the family are the possible exceptions. The teachers and the methods of teaching are under the constant and watchful supervision of the government. The aim is for the best results in the education of their youth. That they get these results, and in large measure, is everywhere apparent. When the German boy leaves school it is with a mental flexibility and alertness which springs from a higher education. He can stand on the edge and view the vast field of

science and art with unclouded vision, and decide in what part of it he will work. Science and art practically applied have made him what he is. He, in turn, will strive to advance it, and he usually succeeds. What a splendid preliminary training for the physician!

In all the university towns it is evident that the government has faith in the future of its schools. Like the soldiers, they are everywhere. I am told that fourteen years ago the public high schools ("Technical Universities") had accommodations for 6,000 students, and that there were but 2,000 in attendance. At that time the Berlin University was in course of construction at a cost of $2,250,000. This would seem a frightful waste of money; but the end certainly justified the means, for at the present time that one school alone has an attendance of 3,000 students; while in its immediate neighborhood an institute has been erected mainly for the purpose of scientific research, and which receive annually from the government a grant of $75,000. During this fourteen years nearly all of these institutions have been enlarged, and have been made to conform to all the best modern requirements for school architecture. In chemistry and electrical technology, especially in its application to modern industrial and commercial purposes, the German schools are very active. The practical results of this can be best illustrated by the statement of the fact, that one chemical factory alone employs one hundred trained chemists in experimental research. Is it any wonder that the American drug market is flooded with "elegant" pharmaceutical preparations with "made in Germany" printed on the label? The German student who has a useful knowledge of French, English, Italian, Latin and modern Greek is by no means a rare person to meet. Our wonder and admiration for a system of education which secures such perfect results constantly increases.

Something in regard to the professional quarrels of physicians in Germany my prove interesting right here. My informant told me that nowhere in the world are physicians' quarrels more bitter, but that the subject of their difference is always a scientific one. The reason for this is to be found in the fact that their education is so perfect, that when one finishes his investigations of a scientific subject there is little left for debate. If any of his premises or conclusions are questioned, however, he is prepared to defend them against all arguments. "It is only this 'defense' of their work which causes friction between them." A beautiful conceit, surely.

It is not my purpose to attempt a criticism of German medical men and their work. One cannot well do so, even if qualified when the scientific foundation is laid so deep, and the ideals striven after and so largely attained -are so high.

Since writing the above I have visited the clinics of Professors Von Bergmann, Gnesserou and Köenig in Berlin; Leopold in Dresden, and Hager and Kraske in Freiburg, I. B. In this latter place I shall remain some weeks observing the work of Professors Hager and Kraske, besides working in the pathological laboratory of Professor Zeigler. My next move will be to Bern, where I shall witness the work of Professor Kocker. It may be possible for me to report some of the work of these men at a later date.

T

Notes on the Treatment of Rheumatic Cases.

BY J. W. REDYER, M. D.,

BOSTON, MASS.

House Surgeon, St. Elizabeth Hospital.

HE following cases serve to illustrate well the value of salophen in painful affections, especially those of a rheumatic origin. It will be noted that salophen acts promptly in cases in which other remedies of acknowledged efficacy had failed to afford relief, and that during its continued use no untoward after-effects were experienced. The gastric disturbances so frequently observed from the administration of sodium salicylate were never observed in any of the cases treated with salophen, and this alone must be considered as a marked advantage. Careful and repeated experiments on animals have shown it to be completely free from toxic effects, even in large doses, and the numerous clinical reports to be found in the literature serve to emphasize its value as an antirheumatic and antineuralgic.

CASE I. Ellen B., aged 38 years, single, suffered from an articular rheumatism of two years standing. She had been treated with salicylate of sodium, grains 15 to 20, three times daily, with some success. Although relieved for a period, recurrences of the attacks took place from time to time. I then gave salophen, 15 grains, three times daily for two weeks, and at the end of that time the pains had left the joints, especially the knees which were the seat of most discomfort. The patient now feels very comfortable, is free from pain, but still has some stiffness in the joints.

CASE II. Mary W., aged 25 years, single. I was called to see the patient in reference to her entering the hospital, and found her suffering from acute articular rheumatism. She decided, however, to remain at home for a time, and at her request 1 prescribed a mixture of salicylate of sodium, bicarbonate of sodium, and peppermint water. This afforded some relief from the pain. After six days I commenced the administration of salophen in 15-grain doses, three times daily, and after five or six days the pains had ceased, and the inflammation had almost entirely disappeared. As the patient was also suffering from valvular trouble of the heart she decided to enter the hospital, and later was discharged feeling very well. In both of these cases the digestion remained undisturbed during the use of salophen, and no gastric disturbance of any kind was noted.

In the following two cases salophen also exerted an excellent effect in relieving the pain and promoting the comfort of the patients:

CASE III. Sarah B., aged 35 years, married; was admitted to the hospital with an attack of phlebitis following child-birth. She was troubled with constant acute pains, both day and night. Codeine, phenacetine and acetanilid was administered at times with some relief. Finally I prescribed salophen, 10 grains, four times daily. After the third day the pain was greatly alleviated, and had completely disappeared on the fifth day. I gave citrate of potassium and digitalis as diuretics, and in five or six days her condition was much improved.