REVUE DES DEUX MONDES. ECONOMICS are very much the fashion in all the French magazines just now. Besides a long and serious article upon Protection and Free Trade in the Nouvelle Revue, which, of course, illustrates its point chiefly from the present condition of affairs existing between France and Italy, there is an article by M. Vilfredo Pareto in the Revue des Deux Mondes on the Economic State of Italy.

ECONOMICS AND POLITICS IN ITALY.

Both articles embody a strong protest against the present system of commercial war between two countries which have everything to gain by friendly relations and mutually accommodating tariffs. They are both so full of statistics, that to quote would almost be to reproduce the entire statement. They should be read together in order to give the simple plea all the force of double argument, for each puts the question from the point of view of national advantage. M. Pareto, while he deplores all the evil that is being daily done to Italian interests, has, unfortunately, little hope of seeing the inauguration of a better state of things. He evidently considers that the burden of the fault lies on the Italian side of the frontier, where the present Government still tolerates Transformist politics, and continues M. Crispi's antiFrench system of exaggerated protection. This is the comparison which he draws between the financial position of Italy and France ;

For 1899 the total receipts (exclusive of exceptional resources) of the ordinary budget of France is 3,103,000,000. If Italy were burdened in proportion to its wealth as much only as France is, the receipts of the Italian budget should amount to a quarter of those of France, that is to 776,000,000. In reality they amount to 1,500,000,000! For the same year customs gave to France 495,000,000; if Italians paid in proportion to their wealth as much as Frenchmen for these taxes they should yield 124,000,000; instead of this, they give to the State 263,000,000. The charges for the army and navy, including both ordinary and extraordinary budgets, are in France 928,000,000. If this proportion to the wealth of the two countries were the same they would be in Italy 232,000,000; they are, as a matter of fact, 554,000,000."

Then

Briefly he sums up his case in the statement that in 1887 Italy was in the full career of prosperity. came the rupture of commercial and financial relations with France, and a corresponding tendency to draw relations closer with Germany. Suddenly, without any transition, an economic crisis of unprecedented severity broke over Italy. The rest of Europe was not suffering in the same way. He can attribute the misfortune of his country to nothing but.

a perversion of the parliamentary system which has resulted in a sacrifice of the interests of the great mass of the population to the private interests and passions of a small and well-organised body of persons who hesitate before no means which can extend their influence and establish their domination over the country.

THE ANTI-SLAVERY CONFERENCE AND THE RIGHT OF SEARCH.

M. Desjardins's article on France and Slavery in Africa, is a valuable contribution to anti-slavery literature, and throwing, as it does, the weight of eminent authority into the reasonable scale, ought not to be without influence in inducing the Opposition in the French Chamber to permit the Government to ratify the signature of its delegates given at Brussels. M. Desjardins's reputation as a jurisconsult is too widespread and too seriously founded for any suspicion of political bias to be supposed to invalidate his arguments. Hetreats the question

from the standpoint of international law, and points out, with grave legal argument, that the honour of France has nothing to lose in accepting the proposals of the conference. He shows that, on the contrary, the negotiations which were concluded at Brussels constitute in reality a political victory alike for the national interests, the maritime traditions, the national self-esteem, and the diplomatic reputation of France. Nor does he fear to point out that a misplaced Anglophobia is alone responsible for the action of the Chamber of Deputies. Analysing the measures agreed to at the Conferénce, he has no difficulty in demonstrating what was well known to be the case, that the most important concessions, far from being made by France, were made by other Powers under the pressure of her requirements. In the matter of the exclusion of spirits and of firearms France took the lead and kept it. The right of search, which was the ostensible reason for the refusal of the Chamber to ratify the General Act, receives, of course, the greater part of his attention. On this subject he offers profound and instructive considerations. In the first place, he points out that the General Act does not establish the right of search, but gives only the right of verification of the flag, and that accompanied by every restriction that the French delegates required. quotes treaties to show how far the proposed powers are from inaugurating any new departure from received French tradition. He also points out that the right of verification, limited as it is to sailing vessels of five hundred tons, can touch only native dhows and the ships of a few commercial establishments of Nantes and Marseilles, who are so entirely above suspicion that they do not even resent the possibility to which they may be subject. M.. Desjardins states that he has questioned the owners of these vessels, and that they are perfectly willing to accept the conditions laid down by the Act. Finally, for a reinforcement of argument, he dwells on the fact that the document as it stands was drawn up by neither German, nor English, nor Italian hands. It is the work of Professor Martins, a Russian of European celebrity, whose inclinations, if biassed at all, would be rather sympathetic than antagonistic to France, and whose official position at the Conference was that of a power which, even before the fêtes of Cronstadt, could not certainly be suspected of a readiness to sacrifice the maritime interests of France to those of England.

OTHER ARTICLES.

He

There are many interesting articles in the October number of the Revue. Among them, besides those which have been noticed elsewhere, there is one by the Duc de Noailles upon the subject of securing pensions for working men.

"We are all Socialists," he says, characteristically, "or at least almost all, with differences. But up to this time Socialism, which nobody has known how to define or to take possession of, or to put in practice, has remained amongst all that is most perilous in its obscure and vapourous intuition. Shall we see the miracle of its conversion into a positive and debatable formula? We have seen things quite as strange. What more unmanageable of old, what more powerless, and what more vain than steam? And yet what services has it not rendered to modern civilisation. Only it was we who took possession of steam in order to transform it into useful work, it was not steam which took possession of us."

The simile is suggestive, and the article is an attempt to put the moral of it into practice. M. Dareste has a plea for freedom of association, which is, indeed, according to his showing, strangely hampered in the home of the rights of man.

THE MUSICAL MAGAZINES.

THE Magazine of Music, and indeed most of the musical journals this month, show that the temper of the British choralists is high, and that they are bent on proving their metal to the world. Several choirs already speak of entering for the musical competitions at the Vienna International Exhibition of next year. One of the boldest schemes is that announced by Mr. George Riseley, who proposes to take three Bristol societies to Vienna, the first to sing unaccompanied music, the second to sing oratorios, and the third to give purely orchestral music. Mr. Riseley's idea is that concerts should be given en route, which would considerably reduce the expenses. The Musical Times, which this month mourns the death of its editor, Dr. W. A. Barrett, while approving of Mr. Riseley's project, thinks that the initiative should proceed from the Metropolis, and advocates the claims of the Royal Choral Society for oratorio and cantata competitions. The proposals in connection with the World's Fair of 1893 seem less feasible. The first prize in the choral competitions at Chicago is set down at the tempting sum of £1,000, but it would cost a great deal more than this to take one of our best societies there and back. Already, however, the Dowlais Harmonic Society has begun to lay plans for going to the States. If the project is to be carried out, it is certain that tremendous energy will require to be displayed, not only in the special preparation of the choir, but in getting together the necessary expenses. The idea of some two hundred and fifty Welsh singers going to America, and spending something like £5,000 on the chance of getting a fifth of that sum, will be amusing to those who look only at the £ s. d. side of the question.

Dr. Henry Hiles, of Manchester, is a musician in whom the healthy spirit of nationalism is particularly strong. In the current Muscial Herald he asserts that English music can still be made the hardy independent growth it once was, if our composers will but cease to strive after foreign models, and the patrons of music give up the idea that virtue is to be found only in the Continental artist. Our early English school was bursting with melody, and our old church music was the first in which emotion broke through the dry bones of scholasticism, and exhibited evidence of poetic perception. Our folk-songs were entirely indigenous and original, unwarped by any foreign influence, or derived from any external source; and composers must again become English, must learn to trust themselves, if we are to have a revived national school. But Dr. Hiles's patriotic spirit leads him still further. He objects to centralisation, and finds his best hopes for English music in the establishment of academies in the large centres of the provinces, as well as in London. "We have had," he says, enough of centralisation, and the spirit of the times is to extend the responsibilities as well as the dignity of our local authorities. Take the student living in the neighbourhood Manchester who wins a scholarship at the Royal College of Music. Is not the fact that the education of such a student has been carried in Manchester to the point of winning a scholarship the best evidence that it may be carried further? Why should the student be whipped off to London? Education and maintenance at the Royal College cost £150 a year, whereas the student, remaining at home, could be educated for £30 a year." No doubt this is true as to the financial side of the matter, but provincial education in music is never likely to be so good as metropolitan, for the simple reason that no provincial town can ever have a concentration of teaching talent such as London commands. Nearer, however, than the establishment of local

case

of

of a

66

academies of music is the establishment of local orchestras. The English people are and always have been singers; where we are behind is in orchestral music. In this connection Dr. Hiles has just started in Manchester an experiment which will be watched with interest in all parts of the country. He has established violin classes of nearly two hundred pupils, who meet in one of the Board Schools, the use of which has been granted free. He recognises the fact that to bring about a national cultivation of orchestral instruments, we must begin on a broad base with the people themselves. More than that, we must begin with the children, with boys and girls of ten, not with lads and lasses of twenty.

THE LANTERN MISSION.

THE rules for the lending of slides to members of the National Lantern Society are published in Help. The terms are a halfpenny per slide, with a minimum charge of one shilling. Carriage both ways to be paid by the borrower. The stock of slides at the central bureau now exceeds four thousand, and we shall welcome additions from private donors. The first of the Contemporary History Lectures, introductory, has been in circulation last month. The text will be found in Help. No. 2, which is a general survey of the history of the year up to October 31st, will be in circulation on November 15th. (A Committee has been appointed to consider and report upon the question of the Lantern Gospel.)

Writing in Help, I say :—

During my recent visit to Scotland and the North of England I was more than ever impressed with the immense field that lies before the lanternists of Britain. Everywhere there were eager and willing workers, and always the same anxious inquiry, When were we going to set them to work? But many had not waited to be set to work. They had already set themselves to work, and were every week attracting large audiences by lantern services. The Presbyterian minister at Gateshead has taken the Town Hall for a series of evangelistic services on Sunday evenings, which are illustrated by the lantern and attended by crowded audiences. The largest hall in Sunderland is utilised every Sunday night in the same way by one of our lanternistsMr. Travis, who, being also a trained elocutionist and a skilled vocalist, has no difficulty in collecting audiences of three thousand. In Scotland the prejudice against using the lantern on Sunday still lingers, but Mr. Fairbairn, the brother of Principal Fairbairn, has used it for four years on Sunday at the Mission in the Grass Market. The Presbyterian missionaries, so far at least as those of the Free Church are concerned, are all furnished with a lantern and a camera as part of their regular outfit. Six sets of slides, illustrating Dr. Lindsay's visit to India, are now exhibiting throughout the Free Kirk. The municipal and private venture lodginghouses of Glasgow offer a tempting field for the local lanternists. They are a kind of industrial monastery, each with 500 monks of the industrial order, held together by no vow, but sharing poverty together and a common lodging. There is no bond of brotherhood among the members of this curious informal monastic order, but they live under what is a rough approximation to the monastic rule. An hour's lantern lecture every night from eight to nine, with a bright service of song, vocal or instrumental, might do much to convert these heterogeneous congeries of haphazard odd-jobbers into a community with a sense of comradeship and home.

The Lantern Services on Sunday evenings ought to be an indispensable adjunct to all religious work. Our Helpers in Bradford are about to appeal to the churches and chapels of Bradford to take the St. George's Hall for a united Lantern Mission Service every Sunday night. That is on the right lines. Whenever possible the lantern should be a bond of union, not a sign of dissension.

THEATRICAL.

MR. ALFRED ELLIS, Upper Baker Street.

Two Groups of Miss Marion Terry and Mr. George Alexander (in Molière"). Miss Marion Terry (in the same play, taken in three attitudes). Mr. George Alexander (in seven positions).

Miss Fanny Brough (as playing in "The

Late Lamented) (three positions). Miss
Beatrice Lamb (in "A Commission")
(eight positious). Mr. Murray Carson
(as Napoleon I. in "A Royal Divorce")
(nine positions). Miss Bessie Hatton
(as playing in "The Prince and the
Pauper") (twelve positions). Miss
Phyllis Broughton (eight positions).
Mr. H. B. Irving and Mr. Gilbert Hare
(each five positions).

MESSRS. RUSSELL AND SONS.
Miss Jessie Bond, Mr. Rutland Barring-
ton, Mr. Courtice Pounds, Mr. Frank
Thornton, Miss Saumarez, Mr.
Frank Wyatt, Miss Leonore Snyder,
Miss Louise Rowe, Miss Annie Cole,
Miss Cora Tinnie, Mr. W. H. Denny,
Miss Kate James, Miss Shalders,
Miss Lawrence, Mr. Denny and Miss
Rowe (in "The Nautch Girl "), Mr.
Rutland Barrington and Mr. Thorn-
ton (in "The Nautch Girl").

MR. WM. GILL.

Miss Nellie Ganthony. A number of photographs showing different phases of facial expression.

MESSRS. ELLIOTT AND FRY. Miss Winifred Dolan, Madame de Pachman, Edward Compton, Miss Robins, Miss Dairolles. and Mr. C. Blakiston (in "The American "), Miss Ada Rehan, Miss Brema, Madame Inverni (Italian Opera), Mr. A. Goring Thomas, Mr. J. T. Grein (Independent Theatre), The Begum Ahmadee.

LITERARY AND ARTISTIC. NADAR (Paris). Guy de Maupassant, M. Emile Zola. MESSRS. ELLIOTT AND FRY. Wordsworth (from fine miniature painting), Mrs. Annie Besant, F.T.S., Miss M. F. Cusack, Mr. J. M. Barrie (author of "A Window in Thrums"), Mr. Birket Foster, Professor F. J. Edgeworth, M.A., Sir Henry Thomp

deacon Jones Bateman (Central Africa), Bishop of Norwich, at his Palace; Rev. J. H. Horsburgh. M.A. (C.M.S.), Cano the Hon. F. G. Pelham, Rev. Dr. Stanley Leathes. MESSRS. BENJAMIN WYLES AND Co., Southport. Rev. G. Barratt, B.A. (Norwich), Rev. W. G. Lawes (Missionary to New Guinea), Rev. H. Harries (Stockport), Rev. E. H. Thomas (Whitby), Rev. W. J. Dawson (Editor of The Young Man), Rev. Silas K. Hocking (the popular story writer in the Methodist Free Church); and Rev. Dr. Mackennal (full-sized portrait).

The Theatre for October contains Photographs of Miss Ada Rehan (London Stereoscopic Company), in walking costume; and Mr. H. B. Irving (A. Ellis).

son, F.R.S., Mr. Charles G. Leland, Sir Charles Hartley, K.C.M.G., Professor John Rhys, M.A., Mr. Hamilton Aide, Mr. Phil May, Mrs. Tom Merry, Mr. J. R. Diggle, M.A., L.S.B.

The November number of Men and Women of the Day contains three striking likenesses(taken by Mr. Herbert Barraud) of Mr. Justin McCarthy, M.P., Mrs. Annie Besant and Mr. Austin Dobson. Beauty's Queens (Nassau Steam Press) contains coloured portraits of Miss Florence Mackenzie, Dowager Countess of Dudley, Miss Fanny Brough, etc. etc. From Mr. William Lawrence, of Dublin, we have received very fine photographie groups of the members of The Association of Journalists. the Municipal Engineers, and the Chamber of Commerce-all of whom have met at Dublin during the past few weeks. The same photographer has also sent us a very effective picture of Mr. Parnell's "Lying in State," which is reproduced in our Christmas volume.. "Character Sketches."

A British Museum of Portraits.-Mr. A. J. Methuish, of 58, Pall Mall, S.W, is rapidly increasing the number of portraitsincluded in "The British Museum of Portraits" at South Kensington. These full-sized permanent photographs of the men and women of to-day will be invaluable to thefuture historian and biographer. Men and women in politics, literature, art, science, the army, the navy, and scciety are included in this unique collection, among the latest additions being a very fine and speaking likenes of Mr. Gladstone, Mr. Arthur Arnold, M.P.,. Gen. Sir John Adye, Mr. Brudenell Carter, Sir Mark Collett, Mr. Rider Haggard, Mr. Justice Kekewich, Lord Selborne, Sir Wm. Thompson, Sir Chas. Tupper, Mr. Cooper Willis, Q.C., and Sir Richard Quain. The photographs are all finished in the highest tyle, and carefully mounted.

Studies from the Museums -Underthie. title Messrs. R. Sutton and Co. are issuing a series of superb photo-prints reproduced from objects in the South Kensington and other The subjects at present selected are Wood-carving, Embroidery Laces, Embossed Leather, Della Robbia Ware, Iron and Bronze. Silverwork, Draped Figures, and Pottery, and we are promised a still further

museums.

extension of the series. To the Student these studies will be invaluable, and we are glad to see that the publishers' enterprise meets with the cordial co-operation of the authorities of the Science and Art Department, South Kensington. It is to be hoped that Messrs. Sutton may find the series so successful that we may see the whole range of educational studies similarly dealt with.

The designs are to be obtained singly at 6d. per sheet, but the studies are conveniently grouped according to subject, and are published in folios, accompanied by frontispiece and descriptive letterpress, as

below:

F

THE REV. BENJAMIN WAUGH.

(From a photograph by the Stereoscopic Co.)

OR nineteen hundred years Christendom has wondered what was meant by that mystical reference of the Nazarene Carpenter to the angels of the little ones in heaven. He spoke as if we had seen them, as if they were to us as familiar objects as are to the children of London the whiteplumed soldiers on their coal-black chargers who keep watch all day, and every day, at Whitehall, on the spot where Charles Stuart lost his head. What were these angelguardians of the children? Ministering angels, avenging angels, or what? It is an inquiry interesting and suggestive, a kind of glimpse at a world almost inconceivable to us, where space is of four dimensions or even five. It excites wonder; but after all the puzzling of all the wisest brains, we have "got no forrarder" than when we started.

But it was the object of Jesus to bring heaven to earth, to make earth like heaven, so that "Thy will may be done on earth as it is in heaven." It is therefore not surprising that in these latter days there should be found coming into existence amongst us here on this earth some mortal counterpart to those angels of whom Jesus spoke.

The angels of the little ones, who do always behold the face of the Father, appear to form a celestial band, whose special commission it is to look after the children.. an angelic link between God the Almighty and the least of these my brethren. Beyond this casual reminiscence of their existence, which Matthew alone records, we hear nothing of them, know nothing of them, and, as a consequence, they have become more or less shadowy and indistinct, unrealisable to most people, and, as a matter of fact, practically non-existent if measured by their conscious influence upon the minds and hearts and lives of men..

A MODERN FATHER-GENERAL.

If the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Chi-dren had been founded in the Middle Ages, it might possibly have claimed, with the infantile audacity of childlike faith, its association with the angels of the little ones. of whom we read in the Gospel. It would have been the Holy Order of the Angelic Helpers, or, mayhap, the Holy Order of St. Benjamin under the protection of the Children's Angels. Its articles would have been approved by the Pope, its officers would have worn the distinctive garb of a religious fraternity, and Mr. Benjamin Waugh, instead of being Honorary Director of the Society, would have been the Father-General of the Order. Other times. bring other manners and other customs, but the essentials remain unchanged, and in the formation and growth of the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children we see the same familiar phenomena that accompanied the foundation of the great charitable religious. orders of the Middle Ages.

It is but seven years since it was born, and already it is extending throughout the English-speaking world. If its progress is as rapid in the future as it has been in the past, before the close of the century there will not be anywhere throughout the English-speaking world 100,000 persons where there will not be a branch of the Society of the Angels of the Little Ones.

Even now the Society has eighty aid committees. in the three kingdoms, employing constantly sixty inspectors, or "children's men," each of whom has on an average 600 cases to attend to in the course of the year. In connection with some of these aid committees are shelters, where ill-treated children find temporary home and food and rest, and the mothering which they need more than all. In all these agencies

"Not a broken law, but a broken little heart, is the onemotive of proceedings."

"The Society in action is solicitor, chief constable, and public prosecutor for every child-the smallest and the poorest in the land."

It began with an income of £1,000 a year; it has. now £19,000 a year. It had ninety-five cases in the first year; it had 6,413 in 1890-1, and yet it has only covered nine millions of the population with its aid committees. For twenty-five millions these committees have still to be provided. For the children of nine millions there are human counterparts to the angelic sentinels; but the children of nearly twice that number must at present be content with celestial helpers alone, whose services sadly need to be supplemented by that of the look-out men of the aid committos Tt is.

in the hope that those who read these lines will see to it that an aid committee is established in their district that this article is written.

PHILANTHROPY MILITANT.

There is a good deal of St. Dominic about the Angel of the Little Ones. It is a very curious and interesting phenomenon this recrudescence of the stern punitive element in the midst of a more or less flabby and sentimental generation. It is another proof-if proof were wanted-of the indestructible and eternal elements in human nature, that we should find suddenly cropping up in the midst of the pulpy namby-pambyism and mawkish humanitarianism of these days this rigorous and ruthless spirit. It is like coming upon a granite boulder in the middle of a bog. Here is philanthropy militant-Philanthropy the Avenger. The sacred zeal with which the Dominicans contended against heresy, finding all the racks and dungeons of the Inquisition too few in order to extirpate the souldestroying pestilence, reappears here in the crusade against child torture. St. Dominic himself did not believe more firmly in severity than does St. Benjamin. "The redeemed, we are told,” he says, "are to sing the song of Moses and the Lamb. The present generation leaves Moses out. That will never do. Moses, or the Law, with its sharp punishment for wrongdoers, is as necessary as the Gospel." And no living man believes more fervently in the beneficence of first punishment than do the Angels of the Little Ones.

A CARICATURE OF CHRISTIAN CHARITY.

Again and again-occasionally on platforms, occasionally in letters, occasionally from a magistrate-this policy is spoken of as contrary to the precept of Christianity. "We ought to forgive," it is said. But where, asks Mr. Waugh, does Christianity enjoin that one person's sins against another person should be forgiven by a third? Christian prayer is, "Forgive us our trespasses as we forgive those who trespass against us," not as we forgive those who trespass against other people. When a brutal fellow blackens our eyes, kicks our ribs, locks us up in his coal-cellar, the magnanimity which forgives him, may claim obedience to the precept of that prayer; but to forgive when his outrage is on a little child-that is a thrice-shameful crime. If cruel nail and spear and shameful cross to Himself were nothing to Christ's righteous soul, compared with the pains and tears of cold, hungry, sore, and sick children, then this forgiving of people for wrongs done to a child is a pernicious caricature of Christianity. We are like Christ only when our tenderness is terrible in its indications against those who are cruel to the hunger, the nakedness, and the sickness of a child.

I. THE SOCIETY.

The root principle of the Society is love for children, out of which grows a passionate hatred of the cruelty which blights their lives. A healthy, whole-hearted indignation against wrong is an admirable and necessary element in human society. The moderns, by trying so much to love "Freedom," have come to be somewhat indifferent to human life. When, however, it is made clear that freedom takes to diabolic torture of children, it is comparatively easy to see straight, and to under:stand that severity is the only tenderness, and that the Angel of Mercy herself must wield the sword of justice.

"THE CHILD OF THE ENGLISH SAVAGE."

In "The Child of the English Savage," an article which the Cardinal and Mr. Waugh contributed to the Contemporary Review six years ago, occurs the following de

scription of the kind of evils which the Society discovers, stops, and puts down :—

Making an ill and dying step-child live in a damp, dark back-kitchen, while the "own" children in the front kitchen sit round a bright winter's fire; shutting up another stepchild to sleep in the coal-cellar, three others to sleep next the unceiled roof with one quilt, in their night-gowns, wind and sleet and rain finding them; laying a baby close to the fire to get rid of it through thirst; putting another in a thorough draft to get rid of it through cold; strapping a deaf-anddumb boy because it was so extremely difficult to make him understand; drawing a red-hot poker before the eyes of a blind girl, and touching her hands with it (this was done by her brutal brother, but in the presence of the parents, and for fun); after beating, locking-up for the night in a coal-cellar with rats; immersing a dying boy in a tub of cold water, to "get his dying done; making another dying boy get out of bed to help to wash, and knocking him down because he washed so little; breaking a girl's arm while beating her with a broomstick. then setting her to scrub the floor with the broken arm folded to her breast, and whipping her for being so long about it; hanging a naked boy by tied hands from a hook at the ceiling, there flogging him; savagely beating a girl on her breasts, felling her with fist, then kicking in the groin, on the abdomen, and the face with working boots; lashing a three-year-old face and neck with drayman's whip; a three-year-old back with whalebone riding-whip; throttling one boy, producing partial strangulation; thrusting the knob of a poker into the throat of another, and holding it there to stop his screams of pain!

"Once I saw her put the poker in the fire," said a neighbour (speaking of an own mother and her child of four and a-half), "to get it red-hot. The child had vexed her. She held him down to the bed, and tied a cloth round his mouth; when the poker was hot she lifted his little petticoats up, and held the poker on the bottom of his back.' One baby cried of teething, and was beaten savagely with its father's big hand; two did the same, and were strapped, hanging by the heels from the strapper's hand. Besides canes, straps, whips, and boots, belts, and thongs of rope, the instruments of torture have been hammers; pokers, cold and red-hot; wire toasting-forks-in one case the prongs of the fork hammered out, the stem untwisted a little up, making a sort of birch of frayed wire; a file, with which the skin on projecting bones had been rasped raw; a hot stove, on which the child's bare thighs were put; hot fire-grates, against which little fat hands were held.

AN APPEAL TO THE PUBLIC CONSCIENCE.

In his indignant feelings towards such wickednesses, Mr. Waugh is sure to find an echo in the conscience of the country. Not lack of hatred of such things, but lack of knowledge of their existence, was the recret of national apathy. It is to the credit of the Society (and of pounds shillings and pence debit to it in the bank books of the rich, which I hope they will promptly honour) that it has discovered them. It was Mr. Bradlaugh, believe, with his usual deep insight, who pointed ont how domestic crimes of all crimes are those most difficult to get at-"being mostly committed in the privacy of the home, often in the privacy of the sick chamber." But the Society gets there even, and brings the hidden things of darkness to light, and with them nerves the public conscience to be stern. Mrs. Garrett Anderson, M.D., surely spoke for the women of England when she said at the Mansion House :

The great words with which I daresay you are all familiar in "King John" rise up in one's mind, helping one to express one's rage that such things as these should be. They are what a man says to Hubert, who, he thinks, 'has killed Arthur:

Beyond the infinite and boundless reach
Of mercy, if thou did'st this deed of death,
Art thou damned, Hubert!