should be: First, to develop taste; second, to develop artistic expression; and third, to train vocationally for industry. He expressed the earnest hope that art education in this country would be developed to the extent that we would build to bequeath to future generations all that is beautiful in life.

GOOD MEETINGS AT MINNEAPOLIS. The programs of the Department of Industrial and Household Arts of the Minnesota Educational Association meeting, November 2-5, were of high quality and called out record attendances. Seven meetings were held.

Departmental Session.

At the general session on Thursday afternoon there were three speakers from without the State. Miss Anna E. Richardson, chief home economics education, Federal Board for Vocational Education, discussed the "problems" which confront those who enjoy her leadership. She commended efforts already made for girls in day schools and showed the necessity to push the work in part-time and evening classes, employed women constituting the great untouched field. Miss Richardson recommended a close study of the means used by university extension departments to get and to hold students.

Mr. Clyde A. Bowman, director industrial-arts department, Stout Institute, Menomonie, Wisconsin, presented, "Our Aims and Standards in Industrial and Vocational Schools." Mr. Bowman said that our success depends upon training teachers who can focus their efforts upon the needs of specialized groups. Teachers must be trained to analyze needs, to select materials fitting definite circumstances, and to present these materials by appropriate methods.

Mr. E. K. Wickman, Institute for Juvenile Research, Chicago, presented results of studies in comparison of mental and verbal intelligences. His chief contention was that it is not so much a matter of difference in ability as of amount. His discussion was direct and excited more after thought, perhaps, than any paper of the week.

Divisional Meetings.

The sectional meetings on Friday morning were most helpful. Space does not permit of more than mere mention of the names of speakers and addresses. The writer, however, must record his appreciation of the thoroughness with which each made preparation to use his limited time. Charts were exhibited by some and several passed out outlines and illustrative material which gave concreteness to the presentations and afforded good bases for discussion and for further study at home. Slides were used in some instances. All of these practices we strongly endorse.

Agriculture, two sessions, H. J. Olin, Rochester, Chairman.

Spraying, R. S. Mackintosh; New Fruits for Minnesota, W. H. Alderman; Irrigation for Truck Crops to Grow, W. T. Tappley; Ornamental Plants for Home and School Grounds (Illustrated). LeRoy Cadv; Feeding, Care, and Management of the Pig Club Litter, Evan Farrin; Feeding, Care, and Management of Baby Beef, J. S. Montgomery; Club Work, T. A. Erickson: Developing a Livestock Judging Team, Paul Calrow; The Animal Husbandry Course Including Laboratory Exercises for One Year, A. M. Field; Shopwork Course for SmithHughes Schools (Illustrated), L. F. Knowles.

Address, Professor A. V. Storm, Chief of Division of Agricultural Education, University of Minnesota. Manual Training, J. E. Painter. Minneapolis, Chairman.

An Analysis of the Industrial Teachers' Job, Rov L. Southworth; How To Test Results of Our Class Work. George K. Wells; Manual Arts Objectives, Means and Methods. Clyde L. Bowman.

Household Arts, Miss Frances R. Kelley, Minneapolis, Chairman.

Education of Girls for their Home and Civic Responsibilities, Mrs. W. W. Remington; Selling Home Economics Education to the People of Minnesota, John S. Taylor; Recent Knowledge in Nutrition, Katherine Blunt.

Drawing and Design, Miss Nama Lathe, Minneapolis, Chairman.

The Place of Art in Community Activities, John Lovejoy Elliott; Where Inspiration Waits-Review and Anticipation, Miss Ruth Raymond; Open Symposium-Specific Examples-Minnesota Teachers.

Music, George Krieger, Minneapolis, Chairman. Some Suggestions in Teaching Brass and Reed Instruments in Grades and High School, C. W. Klingman; The

Natural Development of Boys' Voices, Miss Adele P. Lien; Boys' Glee Clubs in the Grade School-The Need and the Difficulty of Organization, Miss Laura W. Angell; Voice Testing in the High School, Why? Miss Gladys Latterell. Boys' Glee Clubs in the High School-Changed and Unchanged Voices, H. E. Griebenow; Music in the School, P. W. Hutson; Address-Stanley R. Avery, President Minneapolis Music Teachers' Association.

-Homer J. Smith, University of Minnesota. SECOND MEETING OF INDUSTRIAL TEACHERS OF OKLAHOMA.

The second annual Conference of the Industrial Education Division of the Oklahoma Educational Association was held November 4-5, at Tulsa.

The principal speaker at the conference was Mr. R. W. Selvidge, Professor of Industrial Education at the University of Missouri, who spoke on "Definite Aims for Manual Training," "Teaching Trades as Manual Training," and "Courses of Study and Their Uses." The conference was much interested in the talk by Mr. O. B. Badger, Director of Industrial Education of Wichita, Kans., who discussed the subject "Types of Shop Courses Needed." He also reported on the present and future shop courses for the Wichita schools.

The conference accepted the report of the Committee on Certification of Manual Training Teachers with a few changes. Mr. Selvidge who has made a study of the question, declared that this was the most advanced step taken in this direction by any state.

The conference reelected the following officers: President, DeWitt Hunt, Director of Shop Practice, Oklahoma A. and M. College; Vice-President, Harry W. McKimmey, Oklahoma City High School; Secretary-Treasurer, Hugh Norris, Director of Manual Arts, Oklahoma Central Normal School.-M. E. Franklin.

WISCONSIN TEACHERS MEET.

The Manual Arts Section of the Wisconsin Teachers' Association met on November 3rd to hear addresses on "The Present Condition of Manual Training in the State," by Hans W. Schmidt, State Supervisor; on "The Correlation of Drawing and Benchwork in the Grades," by H. H. Whitney of Oshkosh, and on "The Opportunities for Advancement in the Manual Arts and Industrial Education Field," by Ira S. Griffith, of the University of Wisconsin.

The vocational teachers held a largely attended meeting at which Mr. George P. Hambrecht discussed the rehabilitation of cripples. Mr. W. P. McNeal spoke on "Home Making."

Employee Training.

NEW BOOKS.

By John Van Liew Morris, Ph. D. Cloth, 311 pages. McGraw-Hill Co., New York, N. Y.

This book is descriptive in large part and gives the reader in brief, accurate form the essential facts of the employee training programs of the large industrial corporations of the United States. The author divides the types of training into four distinct classes: (1) comprehensive programs for apprenticeship and special training; (2) programs emphasizing apprenticeship; (3) programs of limited special training: and (4) programs of technical training. Under each head he describes the specific programs and methods used by typical concerns in the several great lines of industry.

The book will. we think, create a better understanding and appreciation, on the part of schoolmen, of the growing efficiency and importance of shop classes and corporation schools.

Automotive Repair.

By J. C. Wright. Cloth, 530 pages, illustrated. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

With popular use of the power vehicles there are also coming into use books which deal with their construction and repair. The present volume is an exemplification of a class of literature which will come more and more into demand.

The man who owns and operates an automobile should know something of its construction and how to make minor repairs, or if he does not make them himself to know their extent and importance. But, the repair man, namely the man who specializes in bringing disabled cars into service with a minimum of delay and expense, has come upon the scene. His function is an important one and he should be well equipped to meet the demands made upon him.

This volume is arranged in the form of a textbook, is well illustrated, and covers every phase of automobile construction and repair.

Art and Education in Wood Turning.

By Wm. W. Klinke. Cloth, octavo, 110 pages. Price, $1.40. The Manual Arts Press, Peoria, Ill.

The author is both artist and craftsman. He presents here a course of instruction in wood turning in which not only correct methods of procedure in turning, in the use and care of machinery and tools, and in finishing turned products are insisted upon, but in which also beauty of line and mass are constantly aimed at. The book is intended primarily for high school classes in which the aim is cultural rather than vocational. Some of the processes are accordingly not those of the commercial turner or patternmaker, but rather of the older craftsThe problems are useful and artistic. They have been limited to those which appeal most largely to boys and which are of value for use in furnishing the home. The book gives no suggestion of advanced forms of turning such as spiral, oval or square work. Games and Play.

man.

Mel Sheppard and Anna Vaughn. Paper, small, 48 pages. Price, 25 cents. Community Service, New York.

This book offers a carefully graded series of games and play for school and social center work. The chief value of the compilation lies in the fact that the games have been actually used under normal school conditions. Details of Cabinet Construction.

The Woodworker Series. Cloth, Octavo, 203 pages. J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia.

A group of British craftsmen and teachers have combined to present in this book the approved English methods of constructing furniture from the simplest forms of chairs and tables to the complicated types of cabinets. The making of doors, drawers, the fitting of cornices, mouldings, hardware, the work of inlaying, veneering, etc., in a word all the processes of cabinet work are taken up in special chapters. The book is fully illustrated.

NEWS AND NOTES FROM THE FIELD. "Less than one per cent of the workers in agriculture, mining and manufacture have received proper training for their work," recently said Major William T. Morgan, formerly of the educational division of the war department. "Out of 250,000 candidates who presented themselves as skilled mechanics only 30 per cent had any real knowledge of their supposed trade."

The vocational schools of Pennsylvania have grown in eight years from five departments of agriculture to 112 centers of vocational agriculture; 83 centers of home

making instruction to 130 enters for vocational industrial education.

A vocational conference recently held at the William Hood Dunwoody Institute, Minneapolis, gave some consideration to the training of foremen. It was held that the foreman is the go-between between the management and the operators of an industrial plant, hence industrial peace and the production efficiency of the plant depend upon him. He must conserve the resources of the plant and the time of the men. The training of foremen who know how to deal fairly between employer and employe is deemed important.

Commercial Production. The New Britain, Conn., Trade School has recently added courses in masonry and carpentry. Both are being carried out on the production basis, with commercial jobs undertaken outside of the school building. The trade school has reported a fourth annual increase of thirty per cent in enrollment. It is planned to begin the construction of a new building to cost about $100,000.

Increased Attendance. The schools of Somerville, Mass., opened with an increased attendance in the Boys' Vocational School, the Manual Arts Department and the Junior and Senior High Schools. Sixty former service men are at present in training at the Boys' Vocational School in carpentry, cabinet work, pattern making, machine shop practice, tool making, drafting and automobile mechanics. At the continuation school conference, held the past summer at Hyannis, Mass., a class in blackboard sketching was graduated. Mr. Harry L. Jones, principal of the Boys' Vocational School, had charge of the class. SCHOOL CRAFTS CLUB MEETING.

The November meeting of the School Crafts Club was held November 19th at the Stratford Hotel, New York City.

The meeting was opened by the chairman, Mr. Martin Corcoran of Elizabeth, N. J., and supported by the other new officers, Vice-Pres. Philip M. Wagner of Newark, N. J., Treasurer Edwin F. Judd of Upper Montclair, N. J., and Secretary Frederick C. Arnold of New York City.

The Program Committee did excellent work in arranging the most pleasing and successful meeting, which was marked by a record attendance. They were indeed fortunate in securing Mr. Wesley O'Leary, Assistant Commissioner of Education of New Jersey, who spoke on the Trend of Industrial Arts from the viewpoint of the State Department. Also Mr. C. Emmons, Superintendent of Schools, Elizabeth, N. J., who presented the City Administration's View of Industrial Arts.

The Club, very reluctantly accepted the resignation of Mr. Merritt W. Haynes, who has gone to Indianapolis to assist Director Hawkins in educational work.

Paint and Varnish Remover.

239. Q: Can you tell us how to make a good paint remover, also a shellac remover. Something that will not change the color of the wood.—I. G.

A: For ordinary use, a non-patent-infringing varnish remover or paint remover may be made from equal parts of denatured alcohol, benzol and solvent naptha. If this evaporates a little too fast, I find that a small portion of turpentine or high-boiling-point naptha will produce the desired result. Denatured alcohol, wood alcohol, Columbia spirits or grain alcohol, will easily remove shellac as will also the remover noted above.

The type of stain which has been used underneath the varnish, will alone determine the possibility of changing the color of the wood through the use of a remover. If the stain was a water soluble material, the color will not be affected; if spirit or oil soluble it will in part be removed as anything which will dissolve the varnishes or shellacs of the finish will also dissolve oil and spirit soluble colors. -Ralph G. Waring.

Mahogany Finish on Poplar.

242. Q: We are making some music cabinets out of poplar, some white and some yellow. Please tell me what to use to finish them mahogany. Some are to be light and some dark. We would like to have a hard finish, if possible.-E. H.

A: A good stain for mahogany finish on poplar may be made from two ounces of Bismark brown aniline, boiled in one gallon of vinegar. This must be made in a graniteware basin, as tin containers will be attacked both by the color and the acid. This will make a very strong red stock solution. For browner tones make up another solution of bichromate of potash, four ounces per gallon of hot water. By using definite proportions of these two solutions, any shade of brown mahogany may be made within certain limits. Should this not be dark enough, smali amounts of water soluble black will give the desired shade. This should also be made up at the rate of four ounces of aniline per gallon of hot water. With stock solutions of this type at hand, a little experience will furnish enough evidence to enable any one to make up a wide range of fine colors, much more easily than is possible where it is attempted to dissolve given amounts of several anilines in a gallon of solution.

Because of its lack of pores, poplar need not be filled but should be sized with a wash coat of orange shellac, which has been very slightly tinted with Bismark brown in alcohol, applied directly over the thoroughly dried and unsanded stain coat. This sizing will drive the color into any whiskers or raised portions induced by the use of water stain and will enable the entire surface to be sanded glass smooth directly the shellac is hard and dry. The work should be carefully dusted off and a well brushed out coat of a good rubbing and polishing varnish applied. Allow to dry three days or more and then sand thoroughly with a split 00000 paper. This should be repeated for three or four coats, the last two having been rubbed out with felt pad, pumice stone and water and if desired, allowed to stand over night after the last rubbing and given a second polishing with a soft felt pad, rotten stone and water. Sponge off clean and finish off with a good polish. For dull effects, the last rubbing should be made with F pumice stone, felt pad and water.-Ralph G. Waring.

Snow Shoes.

245. Q: Kindly advise where I may obtain information regarding the construction and lacing of snow shoes. -A. S.

A:-"Camp and Trail," by E. Kreps, published by the A. R. Harding Publishing Company, Columbus, Ohio. This book describes the various forms of snow shoes and gives complete directions for making and lacing them.

Furniture Ornaments.

250. Q: How can imitation wood carvings be produced for furniture?-C. P. A.

A:-Ornaments in imitation of wood carvings can be bought from several firms, as follows: A. Steil Wood Turning Works, Grand Rapids, Mich.; Syracuse Ornamental Co., Syracuse, N. Y.; Spanjer Bros., Newark, N. J.; Samuel M. Charmer, Detroit, Mich.; Decorators' Supply Co., Chicago; J. B. Bernard Co., 422 E. 53rd St., New York.

The ornaments may also be made by dissolving glue and adding to it moistened tissue paper. To this mixture should be added linseed oil and finally powdered chalk. The hot mass forms a dough and can be pressed into glue or plaster molds. When cold it is very hard and can be applied to wood with hot glue.

A White Lead Finish.

248. Q: Can you supply us with the directions, or with a book containing them, for putting a white lead finish on to old or new furniture?-G. M. L.

A:-In preparing old or new furniture for an enamel finish the first necessary operation is to carefully sand the work entirely free from scratches or abrasions. In the case of new cabinet work, it is best to give the wood a well-brushed-out coat of ordinary varnish which offers a splendid foundation for the lead coats which are to follow. It is best at all times to avoid shellac as a sizing coat for lead, or enamel work, due to the fact that it offers little or no hold for the succeeding fin.sh. Varnish, however, thoroughly satisfies the wood and prevents the absorption of the oil from the lead coats. Should this occur, there would be a strong tendency for the strong enamel coats to strip off the finish from the wood.

When the varnish coat has thoroughly dried, sand very smooth and glaze any indentations, nail holes, etc., with a putty made from one-third whiting and two-thirds white lead in oil. Keep this fairly stiff but soft enough so as to cut clean with a putty knife. Allow such portions at least 48 hours, after which sand smooth and reglaze, if necessary. Any of the better class flat-drying oil paints of the socalled inside type, can be used for the lead work, although white lead in oil reduced at the rate of sixteen pounds per gallon of turpentine, will make a fine material. It does not, however, sand as smooth or hard as the socalled "undercoaters" prepared by reputable companies, and in addition it has the objection of white lead dust, considered by many quite unhealthy.

All lead coats should dry at least two days and should be thoroughly sanded between coats with a split 00 paper. This part of the finish can be built up to any desired smoothness and should be followed with a final finish of B. & L. Vitralite enamel, preferably gloss stock. This may be tinted with tube colors, ground in japan only; oil colors having a marked tendency to slow up the drying of the enamel. Each coat of enamel should dry at least one week and should be rubbed between coats with felt pad, FF pumice stone and water.

The most desirable brush for the class of work is a Fitch varnish flowing type, chisel pattern of the proper width. The last coat may be left in the gloss or rubbed as desired. Ralph G. Waring.