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and if vacancies happen by resignat on, or otherwise, during the recess of the legi-lature of any State, the executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies.-No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall oe chosen.-The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided.-The Senate shall chuse their other officers, and also a President pro tempore, in absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States.-The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on cath or affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two

Sect. 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several States; and the electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature.-No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been Beven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an in- | habitant of that State in which he shall be chosen.-Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and, excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of Representatives shall not ex-thirds of the members present.-- Judgment, ceed one for every thirty thousand, but in cases of impeachment, shall not extend each State shall have at least one Repre- further than to removal from office, and sentative; and until such enumeration shall disqualification to hold and enjoy any be made, the State of New Hampshire office of honour, trust, or profit, under the shall be entitled to chuse three; Massa-United States; but the party convicted chusetts, eight; Rhode-island and Providence Plantations, one; Connecticut. five; New York, six; New Jersey, four; Pennsylvania, eight; Delaware, one; MarySect. 4. The times, places, and manner, land, six; Virginia, ten; North Carolina, of holding elections for Senators and Reprefive; South Carolina, five; and Georgia, sentatives, shall be prescribed in each State three. When vacancies happen in the by the legislature thereof: but the Conrepresentation from any State, the execu-gress may, at any time, by law, make or tive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies.-The House of Representatives shall chuse their Speaker and other officers; and shall have the sole power of impeachment.

Sect. 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two senators from each State, chosen by the legislature thereof, for six years; and each senator shall have one vote.-Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one third may be chosen every second year;

shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment, according to law.

alter such regulations, except as to the places of chusing senators The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year; and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall, by law, appoint a different day.

Sect. 5. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, returns, and qualifications, of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn, from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner, and under such penalties, as each house may provide.-Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behaviour, and, with the concurrence of two thirds, cxpel a member.--Kach house skall

keep a journal of its proceedings, and from | (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been time to time publish the same, excepting presented to him, the same shall be a law, such parts as may, in their judgment, re- in like manner as if he had signed it, unless quire secresy; and the yeas and nays of the Congress, by their adjournment, prothe members of either house, on any ques- vent its return, in which case it shall not tion, shall, at the desire of one fifth of those be a law. Every order, resolution, or present, be entered on the journal.-Nei- vote, to which the concurrence of the Sether house, during the session of Congress, nate and House of Representatives may be shall, without the consent of the other, necessary (except on a question of adjourn adjourn for more than three days, nor to ment) shall be presented to the President any other place than that in which the two of the United States; and before the same houses shall be sitting. shall take effect, shall be approved by him; or, being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the cas● of a bill.

Sect. 8. The Congress shall have power

Sect. 6. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury of the United States. They shall in all cases, except treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their at-To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, tendance at the session of their respective and excises, to pay the debts, and provide houses, and in going to and returning from for the common defence and general welthe same; and for any speech or debate in fare of the United States; bat all duties, either house, they shall not be questioned imposts, and excises, shall be uniform in any other place.-No Senator or Repre- throughout the United States ---To borrow sentative shall, during the time for which money on the credit of the United States: he was elected, be appointed to any civil-To regulate commerce with foreign raoffice under the authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased, during such time; and no person holding any office under the United States, shall be a member of either house during his continuance in office.

tions, and among the several States, and with the Indian tribes:---To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies, throughout the United States:---To ceia mency, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures-To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States :---To establish

Sect. 7. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur, with amendments, as on other bills.post-offices and post-roads ---To promote Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate shall, before it become a law, be presented to the President of the United States: if he approve, he shall sign it; but if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, two thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered; and if approved by two thirds of that house it shall become a law. But in all such cases, the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays; and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill, shall be entered on the journal of each house-To provide for organizing, arming and respectively. If any bill shall not be re- disciplining the militia, and for governing turned by the President within ten days such part of them as may be employed in

the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times, to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to their res pective writings and discoveries :---To constitute tribunals inferior to the supreme court :---To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offences against the law of nations ---To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water-To raise and support armies; but no appropriation of money to that use shall be of a longer term than two years :---To provide and maintain a navy:-To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces :---To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions:

the service of the United States, reserving | letters of marque and reprisal; coin money, to the States respectively, the appointment emit bills of credit; make any thing but of the officers, and the authority of training gold and silver coin a tender in payment the militia according to the discipline pre- of debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex post scribed by Congress :-To exercise exclu-facto law, or law impairing the obligation sive legislation in all cases whatsoever, of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. over such district (not exceeding ten miles-No State shall, without the consent of the square) as may by cession of particular Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imStates, and the acceptance of Congress, be- ports or exports, except what may be absocome the seat of the Government of the lutely necessary for executing its inspection United States, and to exercise like autho-laws; and the net produce of all duties rity over all places purchased by the con- and imposts, laid by any State on imports sent of the legislature of the State in which or exports, shall be for the use of the treathe same shall be, for the erection of forts, sury of the United States, and all such magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other laws shall be subject to the revision and needful buildings:And, to make all controul of the Congress. No State shall, laws which shall be necessary and proper without the consent of Congress, lay any for carrying into execution the foregoing duty of tonnage, keep troops, or ships powers, and all other powers vested by this of war in time of peace, enter into any Constitution in the Government of the agreement or compact with another State, United States, or in any department or or with a foreign power, or engage in war, office thereof. unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. Article II.

Sect. 1. The executive power shall bẻ vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and, together with the Vice-President, chosen for the same term, be elected as follows:-Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress : but no Senator or Representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector.

Sect. 9. The migration, or importation, of such persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight; but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person.---The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require it.No bill of attainder, or er post facto law, shall be passed.-No capitation, or other direct tax, shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census, or enumeration herein before directed to be taken.---No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one State over those of another: nor shall vessels bound to, or from, one State be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in consequence of appropriations made by law; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all pub-nate. The President of the Senate shall, lic money shall be published from time to time.No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States; and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign State.

Sect. 10. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation; grant

-The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves: and they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each; which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit, sealed, to the seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Se-

in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House of Re-presentatives shall immediately chuse by

several States, when called into the actual service of the United States; he may equire the opinion, in writing, of the princi pal officer in each of the executive departe meats, upon any subject relating to the du ties of their respective offices; and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardon for offences against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. He shall

ballot one of them for President; and if no person have a majority, then from the five highest on the list the said House shall in like manner chuse the President. But in chusing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be neces-bave power, by and with the advice and sary to a choice. In every case, after the consent of the Senate, to make treaties, choice of the President, the person having provided two thirds of the Senators present the greate t number of votes of the electors concur; and he shall nominate, and by and shall be the Vice-President. But if there with the advice and consent of the Senate, should remain two or more who have equal shall appoint ambassadors, other public mivotes, the Senate shall chuse from them by nisters and consuls, judges of the suprene ballot the Vice-President.-The Con-court, and all other officers of the United gress may determine the time of chus-States, whose appointments are not hercia ing the electors, and the day on which otherwise provided for, and which shall be they shall give their votes; which day established by law. But the Congress may shall be the same throughout the United by law vest the appointment of such inferior States.-No person except a natural born officers, as they think proper, in the Precitizen, or a citizen of the United States,sident alone, in the courts of law, or in the at the time of the adoption of this Consti- heads of departments.-The President shall tution, shall be eligible to the office of have power to fill up all vacancies that may President; neither shall any person be eli-happen during the recess of the Senate, by gible to that office who shall not have at- granting commissions, which shall expire at tained to the age of thirty-five years, and the end of their next session. been fourteen years a resident within the United States. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President; and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the President and VicePresident, declaring what officer shall then act as President; and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services, a compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected; and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States, or any of them.-Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath or affirmation:-" I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States; and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States."

Sect. 2. The President shall be commander in chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the

Sect. 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient: He may on extraordinary occasions convene both Houses, or either of them; and in case of disa greement between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjoura them to such times as he shall think proper: He shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers: He shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and' shall commission all the officers of the United States.

Sect. 4. The President, Vice-President,' and all civil officers of the United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bri bery, or other high crimes and misdemea Article III.

nours.

Sect. 1. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one supreme court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The judges, both of the supreme and inferior court, shall hold their offices during good behaviour; and shall, at stated' times, receive for their services, a compens sation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office.

on demand of the executive anthority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having ju risdiction of the crime.-No person held to service or labour in one State, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall,

Sect. 2. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls; to all cases of ad-in consequence of any law or regulation miralty and maritime jurisdiction; to con- therein, be discharged from such service or troversies to which the United States shall labour, but shall be delivered up on claim be a party; to controversies between two of the party to whom such service or laor more States; between a State and citi bour may be due. zens of another State; between citizens of different States; between citizens of the same State claiming lands under grants of different States; and between a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign States, ci- | tizens or subjects. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those in which a State shall be a party, the supreme court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the supreme court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations as the Congress shall make. The trial of all crimes, except cases of impeachment, shall be by jury; and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes shall have been com.mitted; but when not committed within any State, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed.

Sect. 3. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or crected within the jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the junction of two or more States, or parts of States, without the consent of the legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress.-The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particular State.

Sect. 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a repubm-lican form of Government, and shall protect each of them against invasion; and on application of the legislature, or of the executive (when the legislature cannot be convened) against domestic violence.

Sect. S. Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court.-The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason; but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted.

Article IV.

Sect. 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which uch acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof.

Sect. 2. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States.-A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall,

Article V

The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the application of the legislatures of two thirds of the several States, shall call a Convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three fourths of the several States, or by Conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress: Provided, that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article, and that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate.

Article VI.

All debts contracted and engagements entered into, before the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as