in some obscurity. Col. William Duer, of torical lecture before the Turin Academy New York, was an active member. It was of Science, in 1827. This was followed, founded in the East. They, at first, pur- in 1833, by a History of Ancient Legischased lands of the Ohio Company, and lation in Piedmont and the History of appointed Joel Barlow their agent in Italian Legislation. His fame as a jurist Europe to make sales of them. Barlow had been sent to England by the Ohio Company for the same purpose. He distributed proposals in Paris in 1789, and sales were effected to companies and individuals in France. On Feb. 19, 1790, 218 emigrants sailed from Havre to settle on these lands. They arrived at Alexandria, Va., on May 3, crossed over to the Ohio River, and went down to Marietta, where about fifty of them settled, and the remainder went to another point below, opposite the mouth of the Great Kanawha, where they formed a settlement called Gallipolis (town of the French). These emigrants were to be furnished with supplies for a specified time, but the company failed to keep their promises. They suffered much. They failed, also, in getting clear titles to their lands, and the company was charged with swindling operations. The settlers, through the good offices of Peter S. Duponceau, of Philadelphia, obtained a grant from Congress of 25,000 acres opposite the Little Sandy. It was ever afterwards known as "The French Grant." Each inhabitant had 217 acres. The aims of the Scioto Company seem to have been simply land speculation, not founding actual settlements. prised," Dr. Cutter says, some of the first characters in America." They undoubtedly expected to purchase public securities at their then greatly depreciated values, and with them pay for the lands bought of the government; but the adoption of the national Constitution caused a sudden rise in the value of these securities, and blasted the hopes of the company. Colonel Duer, who seems to have been the originator of the scheme, suffered the unjust imputation of being a swindler, because the company did not (for it could not) meet its obligations. 66 was enhanced by his drawing up with great ability the civil code of Sardinia, in 1837. In 1845 Count Sclopis became a corresponding member of the Institute of France, and a foreign member in 1869. He was created minister of justice and ecclesiastical affairs in Piedmont in March, 1848, after having held the office of president of the superior commune of censorship. At the close of 1849 he entered the Piedmontese Senate, of which he was president until that principality was merged into the kingdom of Italy, in 1861, when he held the same office in the Italian Senate. At about that time he became president of the Turin Academy of Sciences; and in 1868 Victor Emanuel bestowed upon him the order of Annunziata, the highest of the kingdom. When, in 1871, Victor Emanuel was asked to appoint an arbitrator for the tribunal, at Geneva, to decide upon the claims growing out of the devastations committed by the cruiser Alabama, he selected Count Sclopis, and he was chosen by his colleagues president of the tribunal. For his services on that occasion, the United States government presented him a service of silverplate. He died in Turin, March 8, 1878. "It com- Scotch-Irish. Many persons distinguished in the annals of the United States were and are of Scotch-Irish descent-a hardy people, formed by an intermixture of Scotch, English, and Irish families, nearly 300 years ago. Queen Elizabeth found her subjects in Ireland so uncontrollable that she determined to try the experiment of transplanting to that island the reformed religion, with some of her English and Scotch subjects. It was a difficult and dangerous experiment, for the Irish regarded it simply in the light of a measure for their complete subjugation. Elizabeth did not meet with much success, but her successor, James I., did. He determined to introduce whole English and Scotch colonies into Ireland, that by so disseminating the reformed faith he might promote the loyalty of the people. These were sent chiefly to the northerly portions of Ireland; first, to Sclopis, PAUL FREDERICK DE SALERNO, COUNT, diplomatist; born in Turin, Italy, Jan. 10, 1789; studied law at the University of Turin; took his legal degrees in 1818; and soon rose to eminence as a law yer and jurist. He was also distinguish ed as an historian, and gave his first his SCOTCH-IRISH SOCIETY OF AMERICA-SCOTT six counties in Ulster, which were divided ized south of the James River for the into unequal proportions-some of 2,000 acres, some of 1,500, and some of 1,000. These were allotted to different kinds of persons-first, British undertakers, who voluntarily engaged in the enterprise; second, servitors of the crown, consisting of civil and military officers; and, third, natives, whom the King hoped to render loyal subjects. The occupants of the largest portion of lands were bound, within four years, to build a castle and bawn (a walled enclosure for cattle), and to settle on their estates forty-eight ablebodied men, eighteen years old or upward, of English or Scotch descent. The second class were also required to put up suitable buildings, and to plant English or Scotch families on their possessions within two years. These colonists from Scotland and England intermarried with the natives, and from this union sprang the race of law-loving, law-abiding, loyal, enterprising freemen from whom came many of the best settlers in Pennsylvania, Virginia, and North Carolina. Scotch-Irish Society of America, a society organized in May, 1889, when the first Scotch-Irish congress was held at Columbia, Tenn. It is composed of the people of Scotch-Irish descent, residents of the United States and Canada. Its purpose is declared to be "the preservation of Scotch-Irish history and associations, the increase and diffusion of knowledge regarding the Scotch-Irish people, the keeping alive of the characteristic qualities and sentiments of the race, the promotion of intelligent patriotism, and the development of social intercourse and fraternal feeling." State societies are being formed, and the growth of the organization is expected to be large, as the race is widely extended over the Union, and particularly in the middle South, where such men as Andrew Jackson, John C. Calhoun, and Sam Houston were its types. Membership includes females as well as males. Continental service. On Aug. 12, 1776, he was appointed colonel, and was distinguished at Trenton and in the battle of Princeton; and just a year later he was promoted to brigadier-general. He was the last officer to leave the field at Monmouth in 1778. He was conspicuous in the storming of Stony Point, under Wayne, in 1779, and the next year was with Lincoln, at Charleston, where he was made prisoner. He was closely confined for a while, to the injury of his health. He was released on his parole near the close of the war, when he was exchanged. In 1785 General Scott settled in Woodford, Ky., and in 1791, as brigadier - general of the Kentucky levies, led an expedition into the Ohio country, and participated in the events of St. Clair's defeat. He was afterwards successful in an expedition against the Indians on the Wabash, and commanded a portion of Wayne's troops in the battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794. He was elected governor of Kentucky in 1808, and in 1812 he retired from that office into private life. His education was limited, he was blunt in manners, and was decidedly eccentric. He died Oct. 22, 1820. Scott, DRED. See DRED SCOTT CASE, THE. Scott, JAMES HUTCHISON, naval officer; born in East Liberty, Pa., Feb. 11, 1868; graduated at the Cadet School of the United States Revenue-cutter Service in 1890. When the American-Spanish War began he was made executive officer of the revenue-cutter Hudson, and distinguished himself at the battle of Cardenas Bay, Cuba, May 11, when the Hudson shielded the disabled torpedo-boat Winslow, and towed her out of danger; was later recommended by President McKinley to receive the thanks of Congress and a medal for bravery during hostilities. See BAGLEY, WORTH. Scott, JOHN, legislator; born in Alexandria, Pa., July 14, 1824; received a Scott, CHARLES, military officer; born good education; admitted to the bar in in Cumberland county, Va., in 1733; 1846, and practised in Huntingdon; proswas corporal of a Virginia company in the ecuting attorney in 1846-49; member of battle of the Monongahela, where Brad- the legislature in 1862; and United States dock was defeated in 1755. When the Senator in 1869-75. While in the Senate Revolutionary War broke out, he raised he made an address favoring the adoption and commanded the first company organ- of the "enforcement bill” permitting the suspension of the writ of habeas corpus act in States when KU-KLUX KLAN (q. v.) outrages should be perpetrated. He died in Pittsburg, Pa., March 22, 1889. Scott, JOHN, military officer; born in Jefferson county, O., April 14, 1824; studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1845; served in the Mexican War; was taken prisoner at Encarnacion in January, 1847. When the Civil War began he was made lieutenant-colonel of the 3d Iowa Infantry; was colonel of the 2d Iowa Infantry in 1862-64; served as lieutenant-governor of Iowa in 1868; has been actively engaged in agricultural pursuits. He is the author of Encarnacion, or the Prisoners in Mexico; Hugh Scott and His Descendants; and History of the 32d Infantry. Scott, JOHN MORIN, patriot; born in New York City in 1730; graduated at Yale College in 1746; became a lawyer, and was one of the early opponents of the obnoxious laws of Parliament in New York. He and William Livingston, and one or two others, boldly advised in their writings extreme measures. Scott was one of the most active members of the general committee in 1775, and was also a member of the Provincial Congress that year. In June, 1776, he was appointed a brigadier-general, and commanded a brigade in the battle of Long Island. After the organization of the State of New York, he was appointed its secretary, and was a member of Congress from 1780 to 1783. He died in New York City, Sept. 14, 1784. He was author of Digest of the Military Scott, WILLIAM AMASA, educator; born in Clarkson, N. Y., April 17, 1862; graduated at the University of Rochester in 1886; was Professor of History and Political Science at the University of South Dakota in 1887-90; accepted the chair of Economic History and Theory at the University of Wisconsin in 1897. He is the author of Repudiation of State Debts; Distribution of Wealth in the United States; Theory of Money; Henry George and His Economic Philosophy, etc. Scott, WINFIELD, military officer; born in Petersburg, Va., June 13, 1786; graduated at the College of William and Mary in 1804; was admitted to the bar in 1806, but entered the army as captain of artillery in 1808; became lieutenant-colonel of artillery in 1812, and adjutant-general, with the rank of colonel, in March, 1813. He was among the prisoners captured at Queenston Heights, and sent to Quebec, with other prisoners of the regular army. There the captives were all paroled excepting twenty-three, who were claimed as British subjects. All the prisoners had been placed on a cartel-ship to be sent to Boston. A party of British officers came on board, mustered the captives, and began separating from the rest those who, by their accent, were found to be Irishmen. These they intended to send to England to be tried for treason. Scott, who was below, hearing a commotion on deck, and informed of the cause, coming up, entered Scott, ROBERT NICHOLSON, military a vehement protest against the proceedofficer; born in Winchester, Tenn., Jan. ings. He ordered his soldiers to be abso21, 1838; graduated at the United States lutely silent, that their voices might not Military Academy, and commissioned sec- betray them. He was frequently ordered ond lieutenant in the 4th United States to go below. He refused, and his soldiers Infantry in 1857; served on the Pacific obeyed him. The twenty-three already coast till 1861; had charge of the United detected were taken away. Scott assured States steamer Massachusetts during the the officers that if the British government San Juan troubles in 1859; served through dared to touch a hair of their heads his the Civil War; brevetted lieutenant-colo- own government would retaliate in kind nel of volunteers in 1865; commissioned and avenge the outrage. He defied the major, United States army, in 1878; promoted lieutenant-colonel in 1885. In 1878 he was appointed military secretary to the joint commission of Congress on the reorganization of the army, and in the same year became chief of the Publication Office of War Records of the Rebellion. do so. VIII.-G 97 menacing officers. When he was exchanged in January, 1813, he laid the matter before the Secretary of War. He pressed the subject upon the attention of Congress. The President was already vested with power to retaliate, but he never had occasion to |