John Watkinson Douglass, president May 21, 1889, to March 1, 1893 John Wesley Ross, president John Brewer Wight, president June 1, 1898, to May 9, 1900 Henry Brown Floyd Macfarland, presi....May 9, 1900 March 1, 1893, to June 1, 1898 dent..... FLORIDA Florida, one of the United States; lies la), establishes a camp, from which he between lat. 31° and 24° 30′ N., and makes excursions.. ..Aug. 14, 1559 long. 79° 48′ and 87° 38′ W. The Perdido Expedition fitted out by Admiral CoRiver separates it from Alabama on the ligni, under Capt. Jean Ribault, on the west. It is mostly a peninsula, 275 miles way north along the coast, places at the long and averaging 90 miles in width, ex- entrance of St. John's River a monument tending south to the Strait of Bimini, of stones bearing the arms of France, and and separating the Gulf of Mexico from builds Fort Charles..... the Atlantic Ocean. Georgia and Ala- René de Laudonnière, with three vesbama bound it on the north. Area, 59,- sels sent from France by Coligni, settles 268 square miles in forty-five counties. at point now known as St. John's Bluff Population, 1890, 391,422; 1900, 528,542. Capital, Tallahassee. ...1562 June 22, 1564 Sir John Hawkins, with four vessels, Juan Ponce de Leon, sailing from Por- anchored at Laudonnière's settlement, and, to Rico in search of new lands, discovers seeing the settlers in great need, offers Florida, March 27; lands near St. Au- to take them back to France. Laudongustine, plants the cross, and takes pos- nière refuses, but buys a vessel of Hawsession in the name of the Spanish kins, who sets sail........Aug. 15, 1565 monarch... ..April 2, 1512 Diego Miruelo, a pilot, sails from Cuba with one vessel, touches at Florida, and obtains pieces of gold from the natives 1516 Spaniards, under Francis Hernandez de Cordova, land in Florida, but are driven off by the natives and return to Cuba 1517 Ponce de Leon, having returned to Porto Rico and obtained title and privileges of Adelantado of Florida, fits out two vessels and revisits Florida. Driven off by the natives, he soon after dies in Cuba Seven vessels under Ribault, from Dieppe, May 23, with 500 men and families of artisans, land at river St. John Aug. 29, 1565 Don Pedro Menendez de Avilla arrives from Spain with an expedition at St. Augustine, Aug. 28, 1565. Re-embarking, they discover four large vessels of the French anchored at the mouth of the St. John. Being fired upon by the Spanish, the French put to sea, and Menendez returns to St. Augustine, lands, and takes possession of the country in the name of the King of Spain...... ...Sept. 8, 1565 1521 Menendez, with 500 men, attacks and Panfilo de Narvaez, commissioned to massacres the settlers of Laudonnière at conquer and govern the mainland from Fort Caroline, few of the French escapthe river of Palms near Tampico to Cape ing. He calls the fort San Mateo Florida, lands at Tampa Bay with 400 men and eighty horses.... April 15, 1528 Fernando de Soto, leaving Cuba, lands at Tampa Bay, which he calls Espíritu Santo, with about 1,000 men and 350 horses, and passing north through Florida, erects a cross of wood near northern boundary. He lands the Sept. 19, 1565 Ribault sails to surprise the Spanish, Sept. 10, but by a tempest is driven ashore near Mosquito Inlet, and followed up by Menendez, and all who reject the Catholic faith are massacred...... September, 1565 Laudonnière, with eighteen or twenty fugitives, the survivors of the massacre May 25, 1539 at Fort Caroline, sails for France Don Tristan de Luna, with about 1,500 Sept. 25, 1565 soldiers and many zealous friars, anchors Menendez sails for Spain, having in in Santa Maria Bay (probably Pensaco- eighteen months established forts and buildings... ..1696 Don Joseph Cuniga, governor of St. Augustine..... ...1701 block-houses at St. Augustine, San Mateo, with a fort, "Charles," and other public Avista, Guale, St. Helena, Tequesta, Carlos, Tocobayo, and Coava..spring, 1567 Father Sedeño and Brother Baez begin a mission among Indians on Guale St. Augustine besieged by a land ex(Amelia) Island; the latter compiles a pedition from Carolina under Colonel catechism in Indian language.... ..1568 Daniel and a naval force under GovDominic de Gourgues lands near the ernor Moore; two Spanish vessels appearmouth of St. Mary's River, at Fernandina, ing off the harbor, Governor Moore raises with 184 men. Befriended by Indians hos- the siege... .....1702 tile to the Spanish, and seeking revenge for the French, he surprises the Spanish, destroys Fort San Mateo, and sets sail for France.. .May 3, 1568 Menendez, having returned, spends a few years in Florida, then leaves the gov ernment to his relative, Marquis de Menendez, and again goes to Spain....1572 Sir Francis Drake lands at St. Augustine and destroys the fort which the Spaniards abandoned, but rebuilt immediately after his departure May 8, 1586 Twelve brothers of the Order of St. Francis sent to Florida to continue the mission on the island of Guale......1593 Son of the chief of Guale incites a general conspiracy, and the missionaries are massacred...... ..1598 War between the Spanish and Apalachee Indians, who are conquered, and a large number set to work on the fortifications of St. Augustine.... ....1638 Diego de Rebellado succeeds to the house of Menendez as captain-general of Florida .1655 St. Augustine pillaged by buccaneers under Capt. John Davis, an Englishman 1665 Don Juan Hita de Salacar, captain-general of Florida..... .1675 Don Juan Marquez de Cabrera, captaingeneral of Florida..... ...1680 Marquez Cabrera attempts to remove tribes of Florida Indians from the interior to the islands on the coast; an insurrection follows, and some tribes removing to Carolina make incursions into Florida about 1681 Three galleys of Spaniards from St. Augustine break up the colony of Scots on Port Royal Island, S. C.........1686 Don Laureano de Torres, governor of east Florida.... ..1693 Andres de Arriola appointed first governor of a Spanish colony at Pensacola, Carolina troops under Colonel Moore move against the Indians in north Florida and fight the Spaniards under Don Juan Mexia, at Fort San Luis, near Tallahassee.. .Jan. 15, 1703 Combined attack of French and Spaniards unsuccessfully made upon Charleston, S. C...... ...August, 1706 Don Gregorio de Salinas, governor of Pensacola, succeeded by Don Juan Pedro Metamoras .....1717 Don Antonio de Benavuedi y Malina appointed governor of east Florida to succeed Don Juan de Ayala............1718 Expedition against Pensacola fitted out by M. de Bienville, the French commander at Mobile, captures the fort and takes the garrison to Havana in two French vessels; Governor Metamoras immediately equips an expedition and recaptures the fort.. 1719 French, under Desnade de Champmeslin, besiege Pensacola, destroying the fortifications and public buildings and capturing the fort and Santa Rosa Island Sept. 18, 1719 Pensacola restored to Spain by peace with France; Spaniards rebuild the town on Santa Rosa Island near where Fort Pickens now stands.... ....1722 Colonel Palmer, of Carolina, with 300 men and a band of friendly Indians, makes a rapid, unexpected, and effectual descent upon Indian and Spanish settlements in Florida.......... .....1727 Don Francisco Moral Sanchez, governor of St. Augustine, for an unsatisfactory treaty with the English under General Oglethorpe, is recalled to Spain and executed ...1736 Don Manuel Joseph de Justis, sent in place of Governor Moral, is succeeded by Don Manuel de Monteano.... .1737 General Oglethorpe, governor of General Oglethorpe destroys Fort Moosa, King's Road, from Fort Barrington to which he finds deserted, but afterwards St. Augustine, constructed by subscription places there a garrison of Highlanders from public-spirited men in Florida..1765 under Colonel Palmer........June, 1740 Forty families from Bermuda emigrate English, reinforced by a Carolina reg- to Mosquito to engage in ship-building iment, open the siege of St. Augustine 1766 Fifteen hundred Greeks, Italians, and Minorcans, indentured to work for a company organized in England by Sir William Duncan and Dr. Andrew Turnbull, form a settlement at Mosquito called New Smyrna ....1767 Gen. James Grant, returning to England, is succeeded by Lieut.-Gov. John Moultrie ...1771 June 24, 1740 Three hundred Spaniards capture Fort Moosa; Colonel Palmer killed in action June 25, 1740 General Oglethorpe hearing of the arrival of Spanish vessels with supplies for besieged, and many of his men being sick and discouraged, raises the siege July 20, 1740 Spanish fleet of thirty-six sail, under Col. Patrick Tonyn, sent from England Governor Monteano, enters harbor of St. to assume the governorship of east Simons, Ga., and after four hours' en- Florida, arrives... ...March, 1774 gagement Oglethorpe abandons the works British vessel, The Betsy, from London, and retires to Frederica......July 5, 1742 with 111 barrels of powder, captured off After an unsuccessful attack on Fred- St. Augustine by a privateer from Caroerica, Governor Monteano, scared by a lina..... ....August, 1775 decoy letter sent by Oglethorpe, and by three vessels from Charleston, sails away from Florida.... ...July 14, 1742 Oglethorpe makes a sudden descent upon St. Augustine, but captures only a few Spaniards.. ...March 9, 1743 Noted Indian chief Secoffee, with his tribe, settles in Alachua, about the centre of Florida; founder of the Seminole Sixty of the most distinguished citizens nation of Carolina are seized by the British and transported as prisoners to St. Augustine ....1750 Don Alonzo Fernandez de Herrera appointed governor of Florida........1755 Treaty ceding east and west Florida to Great Britain in exchange for Havana and the west part of Cuba ratified Feb. 10, 1763 Temporary command of province given to Major Ogilvie.. ....1763 By proclamation, King of Great Britain divides Florida into two provinces, east and west, by the Apalachicola River; west Florida extending to the Mississippi and north from Gulf to lat. 31° Oct. 7, 1763 Gen. James Grant appointed first English governor of east Florida........1763 Pensacola laid out as a city, with streets at right angles, making squares 400 by 200 feet... ...1763 Dennis Rolle, obtaining from the British government a grant of 40,000 acres, embarks from England with 100 families and settles on east side of the St. John's River at Rollstown... Colonists at New Smyrna institute proceedings to annul their indentures, and, being successful, remove to St. Augustine 1776 Governor of east Florida calls out the militia to join the royal troops in resisting "the perfidious insinuations" of the neighboring colonies..... ....1776 1780 Governor Tonyn, owing to the state of public affairs, is forced to call a General Assembly, which meets....March 17, 1781 Don Bernardo de Galvez, assisted by a naval force under Admiral Solana, invests Pensacola; Forts St. Michel and St. Bernard garrisoned by 1,000 English under General Campbell; the magazine of fort exploding, General Campbell capitulates..... ....March, 1781 Country west of Pensacola as far as the Mississippi River receded to Great Britain by Spain..... ......1781 Expedition under Colonel Devereux sails from St. Augustine, and with fifty men captures the Bahama Islands from Spain 1783 By treaty, Great Britain cedes to Spain east and west Florida, evacuation to take place within three months.. Sept. 3, 1783 Governor Zespedez, the new Spanish 1765 governor, arrives at St Augustine and takes possession of Florida in the name of the King of Spain...... ....June, 1784 Alexander McGillivray, chief of the Creeks, forms a treaty with the Spanish governor in behalf of the Creek and Seminole Indians, engaging to prevent white men from entering the country without a Spanish permit... ...1784 William Augustus Bowles, in British employ, who had won the favor of the Creeks at Pensacola, captures Fort St. Marks and holds it for several weeks until Governor O'Neil of Pensacola drives him out, arrests and sends him prisoner to Cuba ....1789 General McIntosh, after imprisonment for a year in Cuba because of the jealousy of the Spanish governor, Quesada, returns to Florida, gathers followers, destroys a Spanish fort at Jacksonville and several Spanish galleys; returns to Georgia ....1794 Spain recedes to France all of west Florida lying west of the Perdido River 1795 Band of Seminole Indians, or "runaways," from the Creek nation, settle near the present site of Tallahassee stitution granted to Spain and her colonies... ....Oct. 17, 1812 British fleet enters Pensacola Harbor and garrisons forts Michel and Barrancas with British troops, by consent of the Spanish governor... ....August, 1814 General Jackson, with 5,000 Tennessee volunteers, captures Pensacola and Fort Michel; Fort Barrancas is blown up by the British.. .Nov. 7, 1814 United States troops, under Col. Duncan L. Clinch, unexpectedly reinforced by Creek Indians on the same errand, and aided by two gunboats, attack a fort on the Apalachicola River established by the British as a refuge for runaway negroes, and commanded by a negro named Garcia; a hot shot from gunboat "154," entering the magazine, blows it up; out of 350 men, women, and children in the fort not over fifty escape. . . . . . . . . . . Aug. 24, 1816 By order of the President of the United States, Captain Henly invests and breaks up a depot for smugglers and buccaneering privateers on Amelia Island, under the Spanish flag, and led by Gregor McGregor and Louis Aury..... .....Dec. 23, 1817 General Jackson, aided by Creeks under a treaty, attacks the Seminoles in Florida, destroying the Miccosukee and Fowl towns and Fort Marks..... .....1818 1808 Congress authorizes the President to seize west Florida if a foreign power attempts to capture it........Jan. 15, 1811 General Jackson, the Spanish governor Settlers on the northern border of at Pensacola furnishing arms to the hosFlorida organize a provisional government, tile Indians and blockading his supplies with Gen. John H. McIntosh governor of up the Escambia, marches to Pensacola the republic and Colonel Ashley military and captures it... chief...... 1812 Fernandina, at this time a depot of neutral trade, garrisoned by Spanish troops under Don José Lopez, is besieged by General McIntosh and capitulates ..1812 ....1818 General Jackson hangs Arbuthnot and Ambrister.... .. April 30, 1818 East and west Florida ceded to United States by treaty and purchase, Spain receiving $5,000,000.......... Feb. 22, 1819 March 17, 1812 Change of flags at St. Augustine under Governor Kindelan, sent from Spain to Governor Coppinger, on the part of Spain, succeed Colonel Estrada, acting governor and Col. Robert Butler, of the United of Florida, demands withdrawal of United States.... ...July 10, 1821 States troops...... Change of flags at Pensacola, GovernCompany of United States troops, mostly or Callava representing Spain, and Geninvalids, under command of Lieutenant eral Jackson the United States Williams, is attacked by negroes under Prince, sent by the governor of St. Augustine; negroes are dispersed after mortally wounding Lieutenant Williams May 12, 1812 Monument erected in the public square at St. Augustine by order of the Spanish Cortes, to commemorate the liberal con July 21, 1821 General Jackson appointed governor of Florida on change of flags..... ....1821 Juan P. Salas sells to John W. Simonton his title to Key West obtained from the Spanish government in 1815 Dec. 20, 1821 General Jackson in west, and Captain 1821 Hanham in East Florida, wrest papers Severest cold ever known in Florida; the and archives from the Spanish governors St. John's River frozen several rods from the shore, and thermometer marks 7° Act for a territorial government in above zero, a northwest wind for three Florida of all territory ceded by Spain to days..... .....about Feb. 8, 1835 United States, known as East and West A council at the Indian agency extends Florida... .March 30, 1822 time for removal to Jan. 1, 1836; eight William P. Duval appointed territorial chiefs agree to emigrate, five refuse governor ....1822 First legislative council meets at Pensacola... .June, 1822 Key West made a naval depot and station of the United States, under command of Commodore Porter..... ...1822 .... By Congress East and West Florida are united, and legislative council meets at St. Augustine....... ..March 30, 1823 Treaty of Fort Moultrie; the Indians of Florida agree to remove within certain limits, the northern line being about 20 miles south of Micanopy..Sept. 18, 1823 Dr. William H. Simmons and John L. Williams, commissioners of legislative council, select Tallahassee as capital October, 1823 First house in new capital erected.. 1824 Name of the castle of St. Marks at St. Augustine changed to Fort Marion April 24, 1835 Battle near Wahoo Swamp; United States troops attacked by Indians under Micanopy, Jumper, and Alligator, and Major Dade's command massacred Dec. 28, 1835 Seminole chief Osceola, seeking revenge for recent imprisonment by the whites, with about twenty Indians surprises General Thompson and a friend while walking near the Indian agency, and kills and scalps them..... .Dec. 28, 1835 Battle of General Clinch with Indians under Osceola and Alligator, near the Withlacoochee River........Dec. 31, 1835 Battle at Dunlawtown of Major Putnam with Indians under King Philip Jan. 18, 1836 General Gaines, with troops from New Defence of Cooper's post west of the Railroad from St. Joseph to bayou Co- Jan. 7, 1825 Florida Institute of Agriculture, Antiquities, and Sciences organized at Tallahassee, and holds its first public meeting.... ..Jan. 4, 1827 Treaty of Payne's Landing between Col. James Gadsden, United States commissioner, and the Seminole Indians; who surrender their lands in Florida for an equal area in Indian Territory, agreeing to remove within three years.. May 9, 1833 Additional treaty made at Fort Gibson, Indian Territory, with representative chiefs of Seminoles, assigning them a tract in the Indian Territory....March 28, 1834 Proclamation of President Jackson announcing the ratification of the treaty of Payne's Landing and Fort Gibson April 12, 1834 State-house in Tallahassee begun, 1826; finished .1834 John H. Eaton appointed territorial governor .1834 United States officer at Fort King notifies General Thompson, Indian agent for Florida, of the determination of influential chiefs of Florida Indians not to emi- Fort Dade, by articles of capitulation grate..... ...October, 1834 agree to withdraw south of the Hills General Call relieved; Gen. Thomas S. Jesup takes command.... November, 1836 Battle of Wahoo Swamp ends the campaign of 1836; results of the year encourage the Seminoles...... Nov. 17-21, 1836 Attack on Camp Monroe by 400 Seminoles under King Philip repulsed Feb. 8, 1837 Four hundred Seminoles attack Fort Mellon, on Lake Monroe, and retire Feb. 9, 1837 Indians assembled in large numbers at |