called from his seat in Congress in June, concerned. He was chosen by Washington 1776, to become president of the con- to bear to Congress at Philadelphia devention which drew up the first con- spatches announcing the surrender of stitution of Maryland; and was elected Cornwallis. In a letter to General Sullito the Maryland Senate in 1777 and 1781. He died in Hermitage, Md., May 4, 1790.

speech in the Senate against President all. His best known poem was a short Cleveland.

ode written for Memorial Day. He died in Columbia, S. C., Oct. 6, 1867.

Tingey, THOMAS, naval officer; born in London, England, Sept. 11, 1750; served in the British navy; came to America before the Revolutionary War, and became an East India trader. He was ap

Tilton, THEODORE, journalist; born in New York City, Oct. 2, 1835; graduated at the College of the City of New York; employed for a year on the New York Observer; editor of the Independent in 1856-71; established the Golden Age, but retired from it after two years. In 1874 pointed captain in the Continental navy he created wide-spread excitement by in 1798; commanded the Ganges in 1799, charging Henry Ward Beecher with un- and captured many French vessels. He lawful intimacy with his wife. A com- was in the naval service fifty years, mittee of Plymouth Church, to whom the twenty-eight of which he was in comcharges were referred, reported that they mand of the navy-yard at Washington. were groundless, but Mr. Tilton's civil He died in Washington, D. C., Feb. 23, suit against Mr. Beecher for $100,000 1829. damages led to a most sensational trial and resulted in the disagreement of the jury. In 1883 Mr. Tilton went to Paris, where he afterwards resided. For many years he was a popular and successful lecturer; was an opponent of slavery and an advocate of woman's rights.

Timby, THEODORE RUGGLES, inventor; born in Dover, N. Y., April 5, 1822. He conceived the idea of a revolving turret for military purposes when he was a lad. At the age of nineteen he made a model, and at the beginning of 1843 filed his first caveat in the United States Patent Office. He obtained other patents for improve ments, and received for his invention the official sanction of the national government several years before the time when Captain Coles, of the British navy, claims to have invented the turret. When the Civil War broke out, Mr. Timby perfected his invention and obtained a fifth patent -a broad one-for it was for "a revolving tower for offensive or defensive warfare, whether used on land or water." The constructors of "monitors," after the affray with the Merrimac, recognized the validity of Mr. Timby's claim, and paid him a liberal sum for the right to use his invention. He also invented the American turbine water-wheel and the method of firing ordnance by electricity.

Timrod, HENRY, poet; born in Charleston, S. C., Dec. 8, 1829; was educated at the University of Georgia; practised law; taught for several years, during which time he contributed to Southern papers and magazines; was editor of the South Carolinian, in Columbia, from 1864 till the city was burned in 1865, when he lost

Tippecanoe, BATTLE OF. In the summer of 1811, the followers of Tecumseh and his brother showing signs of hostility, the governor of Indiana suggested to the gov ernment the propriety of establishing a military post high up the Wabash. The government proposed the seizure of Tecumseh and his brother as hostages for peace. A regiment under Col. John Boyd, stationed at Pittsburg, was ordered to repair to Vincennes to be placed under Harrison's command, and the latter was authorized, should the Indians begin hostilities, to call out the militia. Harrison agreed with the people of Vincennes that decisive measures should be taken at once. Tecumseh had gone South, and it was evident that his brother, the Prophet, was stirring up the Indians to war. Harrison, with Boyd's regiment, 300 strong, and 500 militia, partly from Kentucky, including two or three mounted companies, went up the Wabash about 60 miles to Terre Haute, and near there established a post called Fort Harrison. Thence he sent Delaware chiefs on a mission to the Prophet, who treated them with scorn. The troops pressed forward, and on Nov. 6, 1811, they encamped within 3 miles of the Prophet's town. For more than a day they had discerned savages hanging on their flanks, for the Prophet had become aware of their approach.

Harrison arranged his camp in the form of an irregular parallelogram, having on its front a battalion of United States infantry under Maj. G. R. C. Floyd, flanked on the left by one company, and on the right by two companies, of Indiana militia under Col. J. Bartholomew. In the rear

was a battalion of United States infantry crept through the prairie grass, and with under Capt. W. C. Bean, acting as major, horrid yells fell upon Harrison's camp. with Capt. R. C. Barton, of the regulars, The whole camp was soon awakened, and in immediate command. These were sup- their fires were extinguished. A desperate ported on the right by four companies of fight ensued. Nineteen-twentieths of the Indiana militia, led respectively by Cap- troops had never seen a battle. The comtains Snelling, Posey, Scott, and War- bat soon extended to almost the whole rick, the whole commanded by Lieut.-Col. square. The Indians advanced and reL. Decker. The right flank, 80 yards treated several times until, after daylight, wide, was filled with mounted riflemen they were attacked and dispersed by the under Captain Spencer. The left, about mounted men, leaving forty of their dead 150 yards in extent, was composed of on the field. Harrison's loss was upward mounted riflemen under Maj.-Gen. S. of sixty killed, and twice as many

Prophet's town and found it entirely deserted. They had left much that was valuable behind. The town was burned, and Harrison deemed it prudent to make a speedy retreat, encumbered as he was with the wounded. He destroyed much of the baggage of the army to afford

Wells, and led by Cols. F. Geiger and wounded. The mounted men rode to the David Robb. Two troops of dragoons under Col. J. H. Daviess, were stationed in the rear of the first line, and at a rightangle with those companies was a troop of cavalry as a reserve, under Capt. B. Parke. In the centre were the wagons, baggage, officers' tents, etc. Having supped, Harrison gave instructions to the transportation several officers, and very soon the whole camp, excepting the sentinels on duty, were soundly slumbering. There was a slight drizzle of rain, and the darkness was intense.

to the wounded, and fell back to Vincennes. This battle of Tippecanoe gave Harrison a decided military reputation. The battleground is close by Battle Ground, a little town near the Louisville, New In the camp of the Prophet all were Albany, and Chicago Railway, in Indiawake, prepared to execute his orders, ana. The battle-field, yet covered with and after midnight (Nov. 7) the warriors the same oaks as at the time of the con

there were exported to England in three
years 40,000,000 lbs., of which about one-
half was re-exported and the remainder
consumed in England.

The following shows the production in
pounds of manufactured tobacco in the
United States in the calendar year 1899:
Chewing, smoking, and snuff.... 286,453,738
Cigars and cigarettes.
Exports, domestic.
Exports, foreign.

Total

106,855,524 346,823,677

1,847,637

741,980,576

test, belongs to the State of Indiana, Carolina. The disappointed planters aswhich has enclosed about 7 acres. sembled, and in a riotous manner cut up Tobacco, a plant so called by the the tobacco-plants extensively. They were natives of Haiti, or Santo Domingo. It prosecuted. Several of them were found played an important part in the early guilty, and, under advice from England, history of Virginia, and was found there some of them were executed-not for the under cultivation by the natives by the act of cutting the plants alone, but for a first adventurers sent by Raleigh, and violation of a colonial act which proby them introduced into England, where nounced the assembling of eight or more its use rapidly increased. Ralph Lane and persons to destroy crops of any kind to be his companions, who went back to Eng- high treason. It was afterwards cultiland from Virginia with Sir Francis vated in other English-American colonies, Drake, carried with them the first to- and at the middle of the last century bacco seen in that country, and Sir Walter introduced it to the Queen and the nobility. When the English became seated at Jamestown, they began its cultivation, and it soon became the staple agricultural product of the colony, and their chief source of revenue. Within less than ten years it became the standard currency of the colonies, by the price of which values were regulated. The standard price was about 66 cents a pound. For the seven years ending in 1621, the annual exportation of tobacco to England from Virginia averaged about 143,000 lbs. King James tried to suppress its inordinate use, and wrote A Counter-blast Tocqueville, ALEXIS CHARLES HENRI to Tobacco; and in May, 1621, Parliament CLÉREL, COUNT DE, statesman; born in passed a bill for that purpose, by which Paris, France, July 29, 1805; became a no tobacco was allowed to be imported into lawyer in 1827; visited the United States England except from Virginia and the with Gustave de Beaumont in 1831 to Somers Isles (Bermudas), and none was study the penitentiary system. Returnallowed to be planted in England. It was ing to France he there advocated the also subject to a crown duty of 6d. per solitary method as practised in the penipound. In 1624 the King forbade by proc- tentiary of Cherry Hill, Philadelphia, and lamation its cultivation except in Vir- was largely instrumental in entirely reginia and the Somers Isles. Finally, by modelling not only the penitentiary sysrelaxing restrictions, it became a source tem of France, but of the continent. of large revenue to England, amounting He was the author of The Penitentiary in 1676 to $775,000. In 1680 it had fallen System of the United States and its Apin price to a penny a pound, and the plication in France (with Gustave de colonists were not able to buy common Beaumont); Democracy in America; On necessaries. They petitioned for permis- the Penitentiary System in the Unitsion to resort to an old plan for reducing cd States and the Confidential Mission production and so raising the price by a for the Minister of the Interior of MM. cessation of crops for a year or two. The de Beaumont and de Tocqueville, etc. inhabitants of several counties signed a He died in Cannes, France, April 16, petition to the governor to call a special 1859.

Less imports.
Net...

17,107,839

724,872,737

session of the Assembly for that purpose. Tod, DAVID, diplomatist; born in The governor, alarmed by symptoms of Youngstown, O., Feb. 21, 1805; admitted a new rebellion, did so (April 18); but that body proceeded no further than to petition the King to order a "stint," or 'cessation," in Virginia, Maryland, and

to the bar in 1827 and practised in Warren for fifteen years; was a member of the State Senate in 1838; minister to Brazil in 1847-52; delegate to the Charleston

convention in 1860; and governor of Ohio in 1861. He died in Youngstown, O., Nov. 13, 1868.

schools and at Ypsilanti Normal School, in Michigan; admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court of California in 1881; and Todd, CHARLES BURR, author; born in practised there for several years. She Redding, Conn., Jan. 9, 1849; received a wrote Prof. Goldwin Smith and His Satelpublic school education; taught school lites in Congress; Protective Tariff Defor several years; was appointed secre- lusion; Pizarro and John Sherman; and tary of the commission to print the early Railroads of Europe and America. records of New York City in 1895. His Todd, THOMAS, jurist; born in King publications include History of the Burr and Queen county, Va., Jan. 23, 1765; Family; History of Redding, Conn.; Life served in the latter part of the Revolution and Letters of Joel Barlow; Story of the with the Continental army; became a City of New York; Story of Washington, lawyer in 1786; was appointed clerk of the National Capital; Lance Cross and the United States court for the district Canoe in the Valley of the Mississippi of Kentucky, and when it became a State (with Rev. W. H. Milburn); A Brief in 1799 was made clerk of the court of History of New York, etc. appeals; became chief-justice of the court in 1806. He was appointed an associate justice of the United States Supreme

Todd, CHARLES SCOTT, military officer; born near Danville, Ky., Jan. 22, 1791; graduated at William and Mary College in 1809; was a subaltern and judge advocate of Winchester's division of Kentucky volunteers in 1812; made captain of infantry in May, 1813; and was aide to General Harrison in the battle of the THAMES (q. v.). In March, 1815, he was made inspector-general, with the rank of colonel; and in 1817 was secretary of State of Kentucky. In 1820 he was confidential agent to Colombia, and in 1841-45 was United States minister to Russia. He died in Baton Rouge, La., May 17, 1871.

CHARLES SCOTT TODD.

Todd, JOHN, military officer; born in Montgomery county, Pa., in 1750; was adjutant-general to Gen. Andrew Lewis in the action of Point Pleasant, Va., in 1774; accompanied DANIEL BOONE (q. v.) on an exploring tour as far as Bowling Green, Ky., in 1775; settled near Lexington, Ky., in 1776; represented Kentucky county in the Virginia legislature in the same year; was commissioned colonel in 1777; for two years was commandant of Tohopeka, or Horseshoe Bend, BATTLE the civil government of that county, which AT. In February, 1814, troops from east subsequently was made the State of Il- Tennessee were on the march to reinforce linois. He was killed while leading his Jackson for the purpose of striking a forces against the Indians at the Blue finishing blow at the power of the Creek Licks, Ky., Aug. 19, 1782. Indians. About 2,000 of them pressed Todd, MARION, lawyer; born in Plym- towards the Coosa, and at the same time outh, N. Y.; educated in Eaton Rapids a similar number from west Tennessee