which, with railway debt of 104 millions, and debts of the caisse for buying up ground rents, of 101 millions, makes a total of almost 343 millions.

2. Court, 2,995,604 florins = 249,6331. Under this head-Permanent Civil List of the King, 200,000l.; appanages of King Otho, 7,000l.; of Princes Luitpold, Adalbert, and Charles, 8,500l. each; of the Princess Alexandra, 1,250l.; of Duke Max in Bavaria, 19,000l. The increase of 13,000 florins over the former period is owing to Prince Adalbert's appanage being raised from 80,000 to 100,000 florins; but pensions on account of appanages have fallen to the amount of 8,000 florins.

=

3. Council of State, 74,905 florins = 6,2421.

4. Chambers, 75,000 florins = 6,250l.

5. Ministry of King's House and Foreign Affairs, 472,712 florins 39,3921. Under this, for the Ministry, 5,6741.; Archives, 7521.; Embassies, 29,3951.; Federal Diet, 1,6667.; Orders, 4167. There is an increase on former periods, owing to the raising of several embassies, augmentation of salaries to secretaries of legation, and of some ill-paid ministerial employés, in creating a secret post of secretary for French correspondence. A diminution of the sum demanded was effected in this chapter by the Chambers; all other chapters were augmented.

6. Justice, 3,373,192 florins = 281,0997. For the Ministry, 5,0551.; Courts of Appeal, 47,1627.; District Courts, 64,985l.; Assizes in the Palatinate, 3,4747.; Courts for trial by jury right side of the Rhine, 5871.; Public prosecutors, 13,3371.; Pensions, 21,000l. Besides these items, large supplementary demands for the new organisation of justice are included.

=

=

21,070l.

=

73,3091.

7. Home Department, 1,650,000 florins 137,5007. Ministry of Public Worship, 99,037 florins = 8,2537. 8. Board of Trade, 252,846 florins 9. Ministry of Finance, 879,712 florins 10. State Establishments, 8,399,036 florins = 699,5657. This chapter includes: 1. Education, 1,153,073 florins = 96,0891. (Schools and Colleges, with Conservatory of Music, 52,0007. ; Academy of Sciences, 1,500l.; Scientific Collections, 5,250l.; Public Library, 3,2501.; Academy of Arts, 4,965l.; Universities, 18,3927.) 2. Public Worship, Catholic, 1,240,522 florins 103,3937.; Protestant, 433,623 florins == 36,1357. The Catholic item includes contributions to cathedral chapters, parishes, religious institutions, and monasteries: the Protestant, a chief consistory and under consistories, as well as churches and parishes, widows and orphans of pastors, &c. 3. Board of Health, 289,850 florins = 24,154l. 4. Charitable, 218,111 florins=18,0097. 5. Public Safety, 1,304,504

=108,7087. 6. Arts and Industry, 404,657 florins = 33,7211. 7. Streets, Bridges, and Waterworks, 2,954,887 florins 246,2407. This includes several new streets, and new bridges, and improvements in navigation of rivers; two bridges over the Danube, and two over the Inn; the navigation of the Danube, Main, Inn, Rhine, and the works on other non-navigable rivers. 8. Extraordinary Government contributions to Communes, 95,491 florins = 7,9561. 9. Register of Taxes, 290,000 florins = 24,1607. 10. Mint, 11,328 florins =950l. 11. Glass-painting, 3,000 florins = 2501.

11. Additions to the district funds (primary instruction), 503,900 florins 41,9917.

12. Military—without counting extraordinary budget of 1861–63, covered by loan of 10 million florins 11,415,000 florins = 951,2507. Active army, 791,6667.; Gendarmerie, 80,2301.; Topographical Bureau, 4,1667.; addition to the funds for invalids, widows, and orphans, 7,6667.; military pensions and medals, 58,3337.; extraordinary wants, 7,9331.; army chaplains, 1,250l.

13. Agriculture, 774,003 florins = 64,500.

14. Pensions to widows and orphans of public servants, 716,000 florins = 59,6667.

15. Reserve fund, including interest guaranteed to railways, 1,483,274 florins = 123,6067. An increase, owing to the difference in price of corn, that has to be yearly paid to the Minister of War, amounting to rather more than 500,000 florins; and as the Crown Prince comes of age within this period, an appanage will have to be given him.

The estimated revenue for the period 1861-67 is as follows:

The armed force of the kingdom comprises the permanent army, the army of reserve, and the Landwehr, or militia. All men, from the age of 21, are liable to serve, with the exception of the upper nobility-hohe Adel-who are entirely free from conscription; while the sons of the lower nobility and superior employés in the service of the State have the privilege of entering the military school of cadets. The period of service is six years. The purchase of substitutes is permitted by law, and takes place very extensively. During the years 1851-61, the troops of the kingdom amounted to the fixed number of 84,708 men, of whom 61,509 were in the permanent army, and 23,199 men in the army of reserve. This number was largely increased in 1861: the Chambers, after long and stormy debates, having granted funds for the maintenance of 105,757 troops, namely, 81,337 for the permanent army, and 24,420 for the army of reserve. These troops comprise :—

The law requires the existence of a Landwehr all over the kingdom: but practically it is to be found only in a few of the larger towns of the kingdom, and very indifferently organised. It is acknowledged by the Government that the force is left to decay.

The nobility is more strongly represented in the army of Bavaria than in almost any other German State. According to a semi-official statement* the troops of the kingdom were officered, at the end of 1862, by 7 princes, 8 dukes, 9 Fürsten, 95 counts, 329 barons, and 362 simple nobles-bearing the title von-altogether 805 nobles against 1,529 untitled officers. This list leaves quite out of account the junior lieutenants, ensigns, and officers of lower degree, in the ranks of which the nobility is still more numerous, filling above a moiety of the places. Among the titular owners of regiments are 2 emperors, 5 kings, 1 queen, 5 reigning princes, 1 duke, and 1 grand-duke.

Population.

The kingdom is divided, for administrative purposes, into eight Kreise, or circles, of the following extent and population, according to the census of December, 1861:

The census of December, 1861, stated the existence of 1,131,054 families, so that each family consisted, on the average, of little more than four heads.

The increase of population in the kingdom has been comparatively small within the last half-century, as shown in the subjoined table.

* Allgemeine Zeitung of Augsburg, Dec. 21, 1862.

The soil of the kingdom is divided among 947,010 proprietors :* the division being greatest in the Palatinate, namely, 228,976, and smallest in Upper Bavaria, viz. 109,195. It is stated, on official authority, that the industrial population of the kingdom has been decreasing very nearly nine per cent. within the last ten years. This is ascribed to the system of industrial protection prevailing to the present day, nearly all trades being united in guilds, possessing great privileges and monopolies.

The occupations of the people were, according to the same source, in every thousand inhabitants, during two periods:

The number of illegitimate births is very large. They amounted in 1861 to nearly 10 per cent. in the Palatinate, and from 20 to 25 per cent. in the other provinces. In the city of Munich the number of illegitimate births has, in many years, surpassed that of children born in wedlock. Of late years, the emigration has been very large from Bavaria: during the years 1851 to 1861, nearly 10,000 persons, on the average, left the country annually.

IV. SAXONY.

Reigning Sovereign and Family.

Johann I., King of Saxony, born Dec. 12, 1801, second son of Duke Maximilian of Saxony and of Princess Caroline of Parma. Studied jurisprudence, and, in 1822, entered the Ministry of

* Dr. Von Hermann, Beiträge.

+ Ibid. Wilberforce, E., Social Life in Munich, London, 1863.