The military insurrection of 1849 cost Baden the sum of 10,564,067 florins, or 880,3397. The loss of the public exchequer amounted to 2,988,115 florins; the communes claimed losses of above 3,000,000 florins; while the Prussian Government sent in a bill for assisting to suppress the rebellion,' of 4,575,952 florins, or 381,1637.

Army.

The army is formed by conscription. Substitution, however, is allowed; the Government undertaking the charge of the same at a fixed cost. In 1862, the price was fixed by the Minister of War at 550 florins, or 467., for the troops of the infantry; and to 600 florins, or 50l., for the cavalry and artillery. The time of service is six years in the active army, and two years further inscription among the troops of the reserve. But as a rule, about three-fourths of the time is allowed to be passed on furlough. The nominal strength of the army consisted, in 1862, of—

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The actual number of men under arms, on the peace-footing,' seldom amounts to more than between 7,000 and 8,000. In the year 1859, when the German Diet ordered the war-footing,' the army mustered, on an inspection, 20,722 men, with 5,209 horses and 57 pieces of ordnance.

Population.

The Grand-duchy, stretching longitudinally from the lake of Constance along the right bank of the Rhine, is divided, in accordance with these geographical features, into four Kreise, or circles, with the following area and population:

The population of Baden has not greatly increased since the year 1816, when it amounted to 1,005,899. The numbers augmented at a rate of rather less than 10,000 souls annually, till the year 1846, when there was a period of decrease, extending till 1855. From 1846 till 1849, the decrease amounted to 4,712; from 1849 to 1852, to 8,282; and from 1852 to 1855, to the large number of 42,105, or 14,035 per annum. Since 1855, there has been again a gradual increase.

The decline of population has been chiefly owing to emigration. From 1840 to 1849, the number of emigrants was 23,966, and from 1850 to 1855, it rose to 62,444. In the year 1852, no less than 14,366 people left the country; in 1853, the numbers were 12,932, and in 1854 they rose to 21,561. Most of the emigrants were families possessed of some property. It was ascertained that the emigrants of 1853 carried with them property amounting to 1,923,903 florins, or rather more than 100 florins-81. 7s.-per head. The great majority of the emigrants went to North America; but about two per cent. were induced, previous to 1856, to go to the French settlements in Algeria. The result of this Algerian emigration proved so disastrous that it has been discontinued.

VIII. HESSE-CASSEL.

Reigning Sovereign and Family.

Frederick William. I., Elector of Hesse-Cassel, born August 20, 1802, the son of Elector William II. and of Princess Augusta of Prussia. Studied law and theology at the universities of Marburg and Leipzig, and subsequently entered, for a short period, the Austrian military service. Nominated co-Regent of Hesse-Cassel, in consequence of an attempt at revolution, Sept. 30, 1831; ascended the throne at the death of his father, Nov. 20, 1847. Married, in 1831, to

Gertrude Lehmann, born May 18, 1806, the divorced wife of a non-commissioned officer in the Prussian army; obtained the title of Countess of Schaumburg in 1831, and of Princess of Hanau in 1847. Issue of the union are six sons and three daughters, bearing the title of Princes of Hanau and Countesses of Schaumburg, but debarred from the right of succession.

Cousin of the Elector.-Landgrave William, heir-apparent of HesseCassel, born Dec. 24, 1787; married Nov. 10, 1810, to Princess Charlotte of Denmark, who died March 15, 1864. Offspring of the union are two daughters and one son, namely:-1. Princess Maria, born May 9, 1814; married Sept. 11, 1832, to Prince Frederick of Anhalt-Dessau. 2. Princess Louise, born Sept. 7,

1817; married, May 26, 1842, to Prince Christian of SchleswigHolstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg. 3. Prince Frederick, born Nov. 26, 1820; married, in first nuptials, Jan. 28, 1844, to Grandduchess Alexandra, daughter of Czar Nicholas of Russia, and, having become a widower at the end of seven months, united, in second marriage, May 26, 1853, to Princess Anne of Prussia, born May 17, 1836. Of the latter union there are offspring three children, namely: Frederick William, born Oct. 15, 1854; Elizabeth, born June 13, 1861; and Alexander, born Jan. 25, 1863.

Other Relatives of the Elector.-1. Prince Frederick William, born April 24, 1790, the son of the late Landgrave Frederick of Hesse. 2. Prince George, born Jan. 14, 1793, brother of the preceding, general in the Hessian cavalry. 3. Princess Louise, born April 9, 1794, sister of the preceding. 4. Princess Maria, born Jan. 21, 1796, sister of the preceding; married Aug. 12, 1817, to Duke George of Mecklenburg-Strelitz; widow Sept. 6, 1860. 5. Princess Augusta, born July 25, 1797, sister of the preceding; married May 7, 1818, to Prince Adolphus Frederick, duke of Cambridge; widow July 8, 1850.

When the Congress of Vienna remodelled the titles of the German sovereigns, the ruler of Hesse-Cassel was offered the appellation of Grand-duke, which, however, he refused, requiring to be made either a king or to remain an 'Elector,' although the latter name had become quite unmeaning by the destruction of the Germanic empire. Nevertheless, he was allowed to retain the title, which he had obtained from Napoleon I. in 1805, in exchange for that of Landgrave.

The reigning family possess a large private fortune, acquired chiefly by the sale of their subjects in the last century. During the American war, from 1776 to 1784, Landgrave Frederick II. sold to the British Government between twenty and thirty thousand Hessians, by which transaction he is said to have gained above two millions sterling. The son and successor of Frederick II., Landgrave William IX., when flying before the anger of Napoleon I., invested his money with a Hebrew merchant of Frankfort, Anselm Rothschild, whom he appointed his 'Hofagent.' Having made the fortune of the latter, and laid the foundation of his 'House,' the Landgrave left his own heirs the sum of 60,000,000 thalers, or 9,000,0002. Notwithstanding this vast personal property, the reigning family have continually refused their consent to the transfer of the public domains to the State. A small portion only of these estates contributes to the revenue.

Constitution and Government.

The present Constitution of Hesse-Cassel was proclaimed January 5, 1831. It was abrogated for some time, a new charter, of April 13,

1852, being substituted; but in consequence of general dissatisfaction, expressed in the refusal to pay taxes, the Constitution of 1831 was re-established by a decree of the Elector, of June 21, 1862. According to this fundamental law, the executive power alone is in the hands of the sovereign and his responsible ministers, and the right of legislation is vested in a House of Parliament, consisting of a single Chamber. It is composed in conformity with the electoral law of May 6, 1863, of the princes of the reigning house; the heads of a number of noble families possessing landed estates; nine deputies of other nobles and of noble institutions; two deputies of universities; sixteen representatives of towns, two of which are from the city of Hanau, and two from Cassel; and sixteen representatives of rural districts. The right to vote, as also that of being elected a deputy, is bound to a small property qualification. One-half of the representatives of rural districts must be engaged in agriculture; but the towns may choose their deputies from among any class of citizens. The council of ministers, which is responsible to the people, and may be put in accusation by a vote of the Chamber, is divided into the following five departments:

1. The Ministry of the Electoral House and of Foreign Affairs.— Dr. Conrad Abée, appointed Dec. 28, 1862.

2. The Ministry of Finance.-Dr. Charles von Dehn-Rotfelser, filling the post ad interim.

3. The Ministry of the Interior.-Charles Fr. von Stiernberg, appointed June 21, 1862.

4. The Ministry of Justice.-Charles Pfeifer, appointed June 21, 1862.

5. The Ministry of War.-Colonel C. E. von Osterhausen, appointed June 21, 1862.

The decision, in all important affairs, is left to the council of ministers, which is responsible as such towards the Chamber of Representatives.

Church and Education.

The reigning family, as well as the majority of the inhabitants of Hesse-Cassel, belong to the Reformed, or Calvinist Church. According to the last census, there were 373,599 Calvinists; 133,800 Lutherans; and 102,486 United Evangelicals' altogether 609,885 Protestants: The Roman Catholics numbered 107,695, and the Jews 16,358. The affairs of the Reformed Church are managed by three consistories, at Cassel, Marburg, and Hanau ; while the Lutherans are under a General Superintendent, appointed by the Minister of the Interior. The United Evangelicals' carry on their own ecclesiastical government by a central committee and occasional synods. A Roman Catholic bishop, at Fulda, is at the

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head of the Catholic Church. The clergy, in general, have very little influence, and are ill-paid and of small social consideration.

Until recently, Hesse-Cassel was somewhat behind the neighbouring German states in education; but within the last few years great improvements have been made in this respect. Numerous elementary schools have everywhere been established, and although education is not compulsory, there are few grown-up persons to be met with who are unable to read and write. The upper educational establishments comprise the University of Marburg, the Military and Polytechnic School at Cassel, and the Theological Seminary at Fulda. The latter is for Roman Catholics; while the Protestants have similar establishments at Cassel, Marburg, and Hanau. The University of Marburg, founded in the year 1527, has, on the average, between three and four hundred students.

Revenue and Expenditure.

The budget period embraces a term of three years. Divided into annual periods, the budget for the years 1861 to 1863 is made up of the following items:

Direct taxes
Indirect taxes

This leaves a nominal surplus of 46,5731.; but which, to judge by the experience of former years, will probably change into a deficit at the conclusion of the financial period.

The budget granted by the Chamber for the whole of the three years, 1861 to 1863, amounted to 15,352,020 thalers, or 2,302,8031., revenue, and to 15,403,092 thalers, or 2,310,4647., expenditure.