nufactures and cotton yarn alone produced more than a moiety of the yearly transactions. Subjoined are given the most prominent items exported to Austria in the years 1860 and 1861 :

The total imports and exports of Austria, to and from all countries, were divided as follows, in 1861, among the eighteen chief classes of the Imperial custom-tariff:

The subjoined tabular statement gives the number and tonnage of vessels of each nation entered and cleared at ports in Austria, in the year 1861:

The above statement has only regard to actual shipping, and does not include vessels which only called for repairs and supplies at Austrian ports.

Austria possessed in June 1864, a network of railways of the length of 3,450 English miles, constructed at an expense of 748,627,030 florins. Of this sum, 417,346,319 florins was subscribed in ordinary shares, and the rest was obtained in the form of

loans. The Government has guaranteed an interest of 5 per cent. on rather more than one-half of the whole capital, represented by the shares of five companies, the Southern, Theiss, Galicia, Reichenbach-Pardubitz, West Bohemian, West Elizabeth, and State railways, with a total capital of 461,260,478 florins.

The commercial marine of Austria consisted, in June 1862, of 9,703 vessels, of an aggregate burthen of 349,157 tons, and manned by 34,664 sailors. Only 606 of these ships, of 228,800 tons burthen, with 6,742 seamen, were for the 'long course,' and all the rest small coasting vessels. But the list comprised 59 steamers, of 21,338 tonnage, with 1,700 sailors.

BELGIUM..

Reigning Sovereign and Family.

Leopold I., King of the Belgians, born Dec. 16, 1790, the son of Duke Francis of Saxe-Saalfeld-Coburg; educated for the military career; general in the Russian army, 1808-10, and again, 1813–15. Married, May 2, 1816, to Princess Charlotte, daughter of the late King George IV. of Great Britain, who died Nov. 6, 1817; naturalised by Act of Parliament of May 27, 1816; nominated in the same year Duke of Kendal, field-marshal in the army of Great Britain, a member of the Privy Council, and a Knight of the Order of the Garter. Refused the crown of Greece, February 1830. Elected King of the Belgians by the National Congress of Belgium, June 4, 1831; accepted the offer, July 12, and ascended the throne, July 21, 1831. Married to Princess Louise, daughter of King Louis Philippe of the French, Aug. 9, 1832, and widower, a second time, Oct. 11, 1850. Issue of the second marriage:-1. Leopold, Duke of Brabant, and heirapparent of Belgium, born April 9, 1835; married Aug. 22, 1853, to Archduchess Marie of Austria, born Aug. 23, 1836, the daughter of the late Archduke Joseph of Austria. Offspring of the union are three children, Princess Louise, born Feb. 18, 1858, Prince Leopold, Count of Hainault, born June 12, 1859, and Princess Marie, born May 21, 1864. 2. Philip, Count of Flanders, born March 24, 1837, major-general in the service of Belgium; 3. Princess Charlotte, born June 7, 1840; married July 27, 1857, to Archduke Maximilian of Austria, brother of the reigning emperor, Francis Joseph I.

King Leopold I., of the ducal house of Saxe-Coburg, is the first sovereign of Belgium, the youngest kingdom in Europe. Leopold I. has a civil list of 2,751,000 francs, or 110,0407. An additional sum of 1,450,390 francs, or 58,0167., is granted for court expenses and dotations to members of the royal house, making the sum total allowed by the country to the sovereign family 4,201,390 francs, or 168,0567. On the marriage of Leopold with the daughter of George IV., the parliament of Great Britain settled 50,000l. upon him for life; but this sum he relinquished on his accession to the throne of Belgium. The king established, not without oppoșition on the part of the Legislature, the civil and military order of Leopold, on July 11, 1832. King Leopold has remained attached to

the faith of his family, the Protestant religion; but his children have been educated as members of the Church of Rome.

Constitution and Government.

According to the charter of 1831, Belgium is a constitutional, representative and hereditary monarchy.' The legislative power is vested in the King, the Chamber of Representatives, and the Senate. The royal succession is in the direct male line in the order of primogeniture. The king's person is declared sacred; and his ministers are held responsible for the acts of the Government. No act of the king can have effect unless countersigned by one of his ministers, who thus becomes responsible for it. The king convokes, prorogues, and dissolves the chambers, and makes rules and orders necessary for the execution of the laws; but he has no power to suspend, or dispense with the execution of the laws themselves. He nominates to civil and military offices, and commands the sea and land forces. He declares war, and concludes treaties of peace, of alliance, and of commerce, communicating the same to the chambers as far as may be consistent with the interest and safety of the State. Those treaties which may be injurious to the State, or to the individual interests of the people, can only have effect after obtaining the sanction of the chambers. No surrender, exchange, or addition of territory can be made except when authorised by a law passed by the chambers. In no case can the secret articles of a treaty be destructive or contrary to the public clauses. The king sanctions and promulgates the laws. He has the power of remitting or reducing the punishment pronounced by the judges, except case of his ministers, to whom he can extend pardon only at the request of one of the chambers. He has the power of coining money according to law, and also of conferring titles of nobility, but without the power of attaching to them any privileges. In default of male heirs, the king may nominate his successor with the consent of the chambers.. On the death of the king, the chambers assemble without convocation, at latest on the tenth day after his decease. From the date of the king's death to the administration of the oath to his successor, or to the regent, the constitutional powers of the king are exercised in the name of the people, by the ministers assembled in council, and on their own responsibility. The regency can only be conferred upon one person, and no change in the constitution can be made during the regency. The successor to the throne or the regent can only enter upon his duties after having taken an oath in presence of the assembled chambers to observe the laws and the constitution, to maintain the independence of the nations and the integrity of its territory. If the successor be under eighteen years of age, which is declared to be the age of