The following aggregates also exhibit the number of arrivals of passengers from foreign countries during periods of nearly ten years each, and thus indicate the accelerated progress of immigration:

The following is a statement in which the number of immigrants have been spread over equal decennial periods, by the aid of the quarterly reports. It shows, more clearly than the foregoing table, the tide of immigration into the United States:

Three census periods

In the 10 years previous to June 1, 1840
In the 10 years previous to June 1, 1850
In the 10 years previous to June 1, 1860

Passengers of
foreign birth
552,000
1,558,300

2,707,624

The immigration during the years 1860-63 was above the average. The total number of foreign immigrants arrived in the United States during the year 1863 amounted to 196,540. The greater number of those immigrants came from Ireland.

The subjoined table shows the distribution of ages of the immigrants on arrival:

The places of birth of the numbers of immigrants arriving in the United States from 1820 to 1860, are shown in the subjoined state

The following is an estimate of the number of naturalised citizens residing in the United States, with the countries whence they have

originated: Ireland, 1,611,000; German States, 1,198,000; England, 430,000; British America, 250,000; France, 109,000; Scotland, 105,000; Switzerland, 54,000; Wales, 45,000; Norway, 43,000; Holland, 28,000; Turkey, 28,000; Italy, 10,000; Denmark, 10,000; Belgium, 9,000; Poland, 7,000; Mexico, 7,000; the Antilles, 7,000; China, 5,000; Portugal, 4,000; Prussia, 3,000; various countries, 204,000-total, 4,136,000.

Subjoined is a statement of the occupations of the 5,459,421 immigrants detailed in the preceding table, which arrived in the United States from 1820 to 1860:

The ten trades marked with an asterisk in the above list were always enumerated during the whole period; the other occupations were not reported during the four years 1856-59, except that their aggregate only was embraced under the single title of other occupations.'

6

The first negro slaves were imported into Virginia in 1619, and in 1670 there were about 2,000 negro slaves in the colony. The first slave ship fitted out in the English colonies sailed from Boston in 1648. The importation of slaves into the United States was interdicted by law in 1808. In 1774 the Legislature of Rhode Island interdicted the importation of slaves into that colony; and the next year, and while still a British colony, passed a law of emancipation by declaring the children of all slave mothers to be born free. Massachusetts abolished slavery by the Bill of Rights in 1780. Connecticut, in 1784, put a stop to the introduction of negroes, and declared all born after March 1 of that year free at the age of twenty-six. Pennsylvania prohibited the introduction of slaves in 1780, and declared free all children of slave mothers born after the passing of the law. Virginia prohibited the importation of

slaves in 1778, and Maryland in 1783. Slavery was abolished in New Hampshire in 1792, in New York in 1799, and in New Jersey in 1825.

The subjoined table shows the number of fugitive slaves, according to the census of 1850, and the census of 1860:

The number of manumitted slaves, according to the census of 1850, and the census of 1860, are given in the following statement:

The total slave population of all the American States and territories amounted to 697,897 in 1790, to 893,041 in 1800, to 1,191,364 in 1810, to 1,538,038 in 1820, to 2,009,043 in 1830, to 2,487,455 in 1840, to 3,204,313 in 1850, and to 3,953,587 in 1860. The increase of slaves in the several decades from 1790 to 1860 has been very regular, namely, in round numbers-28, 28, 34, 29, 30, 24, 28, and 24 per cent.

The mortality of the entire population of the United States amounted to 392,821 in 1860, as against 323,272 in 1850, the average in each of those years being as 1.27 to 1.41. It varied, in 1860, according to latitude, the nature of the population, the soil, and other causes, from 0.44 per cent. in Washington territory, to 2.06 per cent. in Arkansas. The next highest mortality to that in Arkansas, was in the two States of Massachusetts and Louisiana, and the same, 1.76 per cent., in both. The next highest (1.74 per cent.) is set down to the district of Columbia, in which the capital is situated. Taking the country by regions, the Pacific Coast and the North-Western States show the lowest, and the Mississippi Valley the highest, rate of mortality.

The subjoined table exhibits the value of real estate and personal property according to the census of 1850, and the census of 1860; also the increase, and the increase per cent.: