Under the sole command of the Diet, and garrisoned by Federal troops, are five German fortresses, namely, Mayence, Luxemburg, Landau, Rastadt, and Ulm. The strongest and most important of these fortresses, Mayence, is garrisoned by Austrians and Prussians, in equal moities; Luxemburg, by Prussians chiefly; Landau, by Bavarian troops; Rastatt, by troops of Baden, Austria, and Prussia; and Ulm, by troops of Würtemberg, Bavaria, and Austria. The military governors of Landau, Luxemburg, Rastadt, and Ulm, are respectively a Bavarian, a Prussian, a Badense, and a Wurtembergian general; while the governorship of Mayence is occupied in turns by an Austrian and a Prussian general, for the term of five years. From the end of October, 1854, to the end of October, 1859, the governor of Mayence was Prince William of Prussia, the now reigning King. He was succeeded by the Austrian Field-Marshal Prince Windischgratz, who died in March, 1862, and was succeeded by Archduke William, for the period until the end of October, 1864. Since 1848 there has been also a Federal garrison in Frankfort, composed of Austrians, Prussians, Bavarians, and the Frankfort battalion of line. Population. The last general census of the States of the Confederation took place Dec. 3, 1861. In two states, however, Holstein-Lauenburg and Mecklenburg-Strelitz, the most recent enumeration is of the year 1860. The following table contains the area, in English square miles, and number of inhabitants of the thirty-four States, according to these last official returns, compared with the census of 1853. The great majority of the inhabitants of the Confederation belong to the Teutonic race. Only in two States Austria and Prussiaare natives of other races, nearly all Slavonians. They number 6,860,000 in the Austrian provinces of the Confederation, for the greater part in Bohemia; and 825,000 in Prussia, the whole of them in the county of Posen, a former integral part of the kingdom of Poland. Of the forty-five million inhabitants of Germany, about twentysix millions are Roman Catholics, and the rest Protestants, with 476,000 Jews. In Austria, there are only 360,000 Protestants, and in Bavaria but one-third of the inhabitants belong to the Reformed Church, On the other hand, there is not a single Roman Catholic in the little principality of Schaumburg-Lippe, and but thirty members of the same confession in the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. As a rule, the Protestants are more numerous in the Northern States of the Confederation, and the Roman Catholics in those of the South. Trade and Commerce. Before the establishment of the Zollverein, the various States of the Confederation were under complete commercial separation, each having its own line of custom-houses, tariff of duties, and, in most cases, its own coin, weights, and measures. The first step towards a commercial union of interests was taken by Prussia, the Government of which country invited the neighbouring States to enter into a 'Customs Union,' or Zollverein. The formation of this commercial league took place very gradually, in the following order : 1847, April 2 1851, Sept. 7 Union of Prussia with Hesse-Darmstadt. Saxe-Meiningen and Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. Waldeck. Hesse-Cassel. Bavaria and Würtemburg. Saxony. Saxe-Weimar, Saxe-Altenburg, and the two Schwarzburgs. Bade. Luxemburg. Hanover, Oldenburg, and Schaumburg-Lippe. The treaties which bind all these States into the Zollverein are not of a permanent nature, but open to dissolution at stated terms. The treaties now in force will expire with the end of the year 1865. The Zollverein includes, at present, the whole of the States of the Confederation except Austria, the two Duchies of Mecklenburg, Holstein, Lichtenstein, and the free cities of Hamburg, Lübeck, and Bremen. The whole of Prussia forms part of the Zollverein, including that portion not belonging to the Confederation. According to the census of 1858, the cotton manufactories in the Zollverein employed at that time 300,000 men, women, and children. In that number Bavaria stands for 30,656, of whom 7,194 were employed in 33 spinning-mills, and 4,016 in weaving; 10,688 masters worked on their own account 19,141 looms, with the aid of 8,758 workmen. Saxony had 11,500 workmen engaged in the cotton trade. The cotton manufacture in Prussia, exclusive of the printing, dyeing, and dressing of wove goods, occupied, in 1858, 11,263 persons-6,933 employed in 127 spinning-mills; 28,220 in 715 manufactories, containing 4,747 steam, or 18,644 hand-looms; 38,078 masters working for their own account 76,269 looms, with the aid of 38,032 journeymen. The following are the official returns of the Customs' revenue of the Zollverein during the years 1847-60. The division of this revenue is given under 'Prussia.' The very limited amount of imports and exports, considering the population, is chiefly owing to the high duties imposed by the German Customs League, being in some instances almost prohibitory. In 1859 Prussia laid before the Congress of the Zollverein a programme for the modification of the tariff, proposing to exempt totally all raw materials and provisions from import duty, and to reduce considerably the duties on foreign manufactures; but, as the decision of the Zollverein is based on the liberum veto, like that of an English jury, the conference was |