at Wheeling, 1774. Admitted into the Union in 1863. and steel, twenty-ninth in population. First settlers, English, VIRGINIA ranks fifth in salt and coal, eighth in buckwheat, iron lish, at Jamestown, 1607. One of the original States. WEST salt and iron ore, fourteenth in population. First settlers, EngVIRGINIA ranks first in peanuts, second in tobacco, eighth in

Organized as a territory in 1853, and admitted into the Union in in population. First settlement, by Americans, at Astoria, in 1811. Territories in gold, forty-sixth in miles of railway, forty-first WASHINGTON, in 1880, ranked eighth among the States and

1889.

as the Federal standard-bearers, Jefferson and Aaron Burr as the Republican. Jefferson and Burr were elected, but as both had received the same number of votes, the election was thrown into the House, which chose THOMAS JEFFERSON (1801-1809) the third president of the United States.

The history of his administration was a quiet one. He refused to make the civil service the spoil of victory, and gave proof of the flexibility of his ideas of government by the purchase of Louisiana Territory from France in 1803, which was a measure tending strongly toward Federalism giving a hostage, as it were, to the central government on the part of the States. Jefferson also agreed to the building of the great post road to the Ohio, which was by no means a Republican scheme.

JAMES MADISON (1809-1817) was elected fourth president. He, like Jefferson, was a Republican, although, as has been pointed out, that party is more nearly akin to what is to-day called Democracy. C. C. Pinkney, the Federalist candidate who opposed him, and who had run twice against Jefferson, received 47 electoral votes, while Madison was given 122. The Federalists lost every part of the country save New England, and one result of this election was to give that sectional tone to our politics which has to a greater or less extent endured to the present time.

The country was drifting into a war with England at the time, and the public spirit was aroused by the continual outrages perpetrated upon our sailors on the high seas by British ships. The Republicans were recognized as the fighting party, and under the leadership of Calhoun, Clay and Crawford, the War of 1812 was begun. The Federalists protested, and in Massachusetts and Connecticut the governors refused to allow the militia to go out of the State, save to repel invasion. That argument lasted but a short time, however, for the country was invaded and the city of Washington captured and burned. The treaty of peace was signed in the winter of 1814, but before the news reached this country Andrew Jackson had gained the magnificent victory of New Orleans, on January 8, 1815.

With the close of Madison's administration a new era in our politics began. The questions of Federalism and of the French or English friendship were dead, and new issues were coming up. These were the tariff, the management of finances and the development of industry. What became known as the Era of Good Feeling followed, which lasted from the election of JAMES MONROE (1817-1825) up to 1828. Upon Monroe's second election in 1821, there was no opposition to him, and he would have had the unanimous vote of the electoral college had not one

of the electors declared that that honor should be confined sacredly to Washington.

It was the Slavery Question which put an end to the era of good feeling, and which burned hotly, and more hotly, until it wrapped the whole land in the flames of civil war. It began with the application of Missouri for admission into the Union in 1820. Prior to that time Mason and Dixon's Line, which is the boundary of Maryland and Pennsylvania, and the Ohio River, formed the division between slave States and free. Missouri lies beyond the Mississippi River, and out of the limits fixed, and the question was a threatening one until Henry Clay brought in his famous Missouri Compromise, which admitted Missouri as a slave State, and forbade slavery north of 36° 30' north latitude. To balance Missouri in the Senate, Maine was admitted at the same time as a free State.

A protective tariff had been devised by John C. Calhoun in 1816, and President Monroe strengthened and increased the protection accorded. In 1819 he purchased Florida from Spain; and in 1823, in consequence of the war made by Spain against her revolted colonies in the three Americas, he voiced that splendid declaration which will always be associated with his name-the Monroe Doctrine. This doctrine briefly is that the United States will not interfere in any European war, nor will it permit European interference or European control in America North or South.

No better proof could be given of the condition of parties than the election which ended Monroe's tenure of office. The electoral college chose a vice-president, John C. Calhoun, but its vote for the presidency was so scattered between Jackson, Adams, Crawford and Clay that the choice was thrown into the House. Here, by an alliance of the friends of Clay and Adams, Jackson was defeated and JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (18251829) became the sixth president. Clay was rewarded with the portfolio of State, and out of the alliance the "Whig " Party was formed. Their principles were in part those of the old Federalists. They were for a high tariff with strong protection, and they early declared for a policy of internal improvements to be paid for by the nation at large. Jackson's followers took the place of the old anti-Federalists; they were strict constructionists, opposed to the tariff, and in their principles and speeches was to be found the nucleus of the States' rights doctrine. They called themselves "Democrats." The four years of Adams' presidency was passed in marshaling and organizing the two opposing forces.

ANDREW JACKSON (1829-1837), the seventh president, carried everything before him. The electoral vote was 178 to 83;

WISCONSIN ranks second in hops, third in barley and potatoes, fourth in rye and buckwheat, fifth in oats and agricultural implements, seventh in iron, steel and wool, eighth in hay and milch cows, ninth in copper, sixteenth in population. First settlement, French, at Green Bay, in 1660. Admitted into the Union in 1848.