In addition to the battles given above there were 421 minor battles, engage. ments and skirmishes. Principal Naval Battles of the Civil War. 1862, Feb. 6-Fort Henry, Tenn., captured by Commodore Foote. Feb. 8-Roanoke Island, N. C., captured by Commodore 16-Fort Donelson, Tenn., combined forces of Gen Mar. 8-Confederate ram Merrimac "sinks" U. S. Frigates Cumberland and Congress, Hampton Roads, Va. 9-Federal Monitor disables the Merrimac. April 6-Pittsburgh Landing. 8-Capture of Island No. 10. 11—Fort Pulaski, Ga., captured by land and naval forces. 24-Forts Jackson, St. Phillip and New Orleans. May 13-Natchez, Miss., captured by Admiral Farragut. July 1-Malvern Hill. 1853, Jan. 11-Fort Hindman, Ark., Admiral Porter. 11-U. S. steamer Hatteras sunk by Confederate Alabama. 17-Monitor Weehawken captures Confederate ram Atlanta. May 18- Vicksburg, Miss., Admiral Porter. 1864, June 19-U. S. steamer Kearsarge "sinks the Alabama" off Cherbourg, France. Aug. 5-Mobile, Ala., Admiral Farragut. 1865, Jan. 15-Fort Fisher, N. C., captured by Gen. Terry and Commodore Porter. During the Civil War the Federal Navy was increased in two years to over 400 vessels, the greater part of which were used in blockading Southern ports; notwithstanding their vigilance and effectiveness, many Confederate cruisers managed to escape the blockade and destroy the Northern merchant vessels. At the present time (1880) not one-half the vessels belonging to the navy are in active service; the greater portion of those in commission are employed in what is called squadron service. There are seven squadrons, viz, the European, the Asiatic, the North Atlantic, the South Atlantic, the North Pacific, the South Pacific and the Gulf squadrons. These squadrons are under command of a high naval officer of the rank of commodore or rear admiral, whose ship is called the flag-ship of the squadron. Federal Vessels Captured or Destroyed by Confederate "Cruisers." Vessels Captured or Destroyed for Violation of the Blockade, or in Battle, from May, TIN, when compressed in powder, becomes solid under a pressure of ten tons on the square inch, zinc at thirty-eight tons, antimony at thirty-eight tons, aluminum at thirty-eight tons, bismuth at thirty-eight tons, and copper at thirty-three tons. Crimean war £340,000,000 Italian war of 1859 60,000,000 American civil war -North 940,000,000 460,000,000 Schleswig-Holstein war 7,000,000 Austrian and Prussian war, 1866. 66,000,000 Expeditions to Mexico, Morocco, Paraguay, etc., (estimated).. 40,000,000 Franco-Prussian war 500,000,000 Russian and Turkish war, 1877. 210,000,000 Zulu and Afghan wars, 1879.. 30,000,000 £2,653,000,000 This would allow $10 for every man, woman and child on the nabitable globe. It would make two railways all around the world at $250,000 per mile each. These figures are furnished by the Peace Society, London. Losses from War in Twenty-Five Years (1855-80.) Crimean war Italian war, 1859. War of Schleswig-Holstein American civil war-the North Killed in battle, or died of wounds and disease. 750,000 War between Prussia, Austria and Italy, 1866. 45,000 3,000 280,000 Length and Cost of American Wars. 1. War of the revolution... 7 years-1775-1782 $ 135,193,703 4 years-1861-1865 $6,500,000,000 *About thirty thousand skeletons of Russian and Turkish soldiers were shipped to England in 1881, as manure, in the form of bones or bone dust. [177] The number placed hors-de-combat in battle are not relatively so large as formerly, as the table below will show: According to Napoleon, the proportions of an army should be 70 per cent. infantry, 17 per cent. cavalry, and 13 per cent. between artillery, engineers and train. The proportion of men capable of bearing arms is estimated at 25 per cent. of the population. At the close of the Franco-German war the Germans took from the French 7.234 pieces of cannon, including 3,485 field pieces and 3,300 fortress guns. At the battle of Waterloo the British artillery fired 9,467 rounds, or one for every Frenchman killed. The Decisive Battles of History. Actium, B.C. 31. The combined fleets of Antony and Cleopatra defeated by Octavius, and imperialism established in the person of Octavius. Philippi, B.C. 42. Brutus and Cassius defeated by Octavius and Antony. The fate of the Republic decided. Metaurus, B.C. 207. The Carthaginians, under Hasdrubul, were defeated by the Romans, under Caius and Marcus Livius. Arbela, B.C. 331. The Persians defeated by the Macedonians and Greeks under Alexander the Great. End of the Persian empire. Syracuse, B.C. 414. The Athenians defeated by the Syracusans and their allies, the Spartans, under Gylippus. Marathon, B.C. 490. The Athenians, under Miltiades, defeated the Persians under Datis. Free government preserved. Winfeld-Lippe, A.D. 9. Teutonic independence established by the defeat of the Roman legions under Varus at the hands of the Germans under Arminius (Hermann). Chalons, A.D. 451. The Huns, under Attila, called the |