Tower, Utrecht.. 476 Capitol, Washington Steeple, St. Stephen's, Vienna 460 Cathedral, Mexico.. Montreal St. Martin's Church, Bavaria.456 Campanile Tower, Florence.276 Chimney, Port Dundas, Glas gow St. Peter's, Rome Notre Dame, Amiens. Column, Delhi .454 Cathedral, Dantzic. .448 Porcelain Tower, Nankin..248 .422 Custom House, St. Louis...240 Salisbury Spire, England...406 Canterbury Tower, Engl'd. 235 Cathedral, Florence.. ...300 .474 St.James'Cathedral, Toronto.316 464 Trinity Church, New York.283 .280 280 260 .250 St. Paul's, London Pyramid, Sakkarah, Egypt. .380 Notre Dame, Paris.. 232 ..348 Principal of the Public Debt. 1855 July 1. .$ 35,586,858 56|1872 July 1 The entire extent of territory now in a state of reservation for Indian purposes, including all portions of the Indian Territory, whether in fact occupied or unoccupied by Indians, is 112,413,440 acres, being equivalent to an average of 456 acres for each Indian, computed on the last reported number of the total population, including those estimated as outside the reservations. Of this area about 81,020,129 acres are within the scope of the general allotment law of 1887, and afford an average for the population residing upon such lands, amounting to 173,985, of about 465 acres to each. It will be seen that, by the execution of the general allotment law and breaking up of the reservations, a wide area of the public domain will be opened to settlement. The Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Seminoles, constituting the five civilized tribes; the Osages, Miamis, Peorias, and Sacs and Foxes of the Indian territory, and the Seneca nation in New York are excepted from the provisions of the allotment act. The territory occupied by them embraces 21,969,695 acres, not counting therewith the 6,024,239 acres of the Cherokee outlet, the 1,887,801 acres known as Oklahoma, and the 1,511,576 acres lying in the Indian territory south of the north fork of the Red river. The number of these excepted Indians is shown by the reports to be 72,110 in all. The following is a table of the leading alien holders of lands in the United States, with amount of holdings in acres : An English syndicate, No. 3, in Texas.. Sir Edw. Reid and a syndicate, Florida. Phillips, Marshall & Co., London 3,000,000 4,500,000 2,000,000 1,800,000 1,750,000 1,300,000 German-American syndicate, London 750,000 Bryan H. Evans, of London 700,000 Duke of Sutherland.... 425,000 To these syndicate holdings should be added the following: The Arkansas Valley Company in Colorado, a foreign corporation, whose inclosures embrace upward of 1,000,000 acres; the Prairie Cattle Company (Scotch) in Colorado, upwards of 1,000,000; H. H. Metcalf, River Bend, Col., 200,000; John W. Powers, Colorado, 200,000; McDaniel & Davis, Colorado, 75,000; Routchler & Lamb, Colorado, 40,000; J. W. Frank, Colorado, 40,000; Garnett & Langford, Colorado, 30,000; E. C. Tane, Colorado, 50,000; Leivesy Brothers, Colorado, 150,000; Vrooman & McFife, Colorado, 50,000; Beatty Brothers, Colorado, 40,000; Chick, Brown & Co., Colorado, 30,000; Reynolds Cattle Company, Colorado, 50,000; several other cases in Colorado, embracing from 10,000 to 30,000; Coe & Carter, Nebraska, fifty miles of fence; J. W. Wilson, Nebraska, forty miles; J. W. Boster, twenty miles; William Humphrey, Nevada, thirty miles; Nelson & Son, Nevada, twenty-two miles; Kennebec Ranch, Nebraska, from 20,000 to 50,000 acres. 186 The total Indian population of the United States in 1887, exclusive of Alaska, was 247,761. The Indian reservations in 1886 amounted to 135,978,345 acres, or 212,466 square miles approximately. The popular idea that there was originally a large Indian population in the territory now covered by the United States, and that the numbers have decreased with each succeeding generation, as it came in contact with the fire-arms and fire-water of the white man's civilization, is probably erroneous. There are no statistics available, but careful observation and comparison has induced such students of Indian history as Mr. J. P. Dunn, Jr., to fix the Indian population of our present Territory, at the time of European colonization, at 530,000 approximately, and Mr. Elbridge S. Brooks, the latest writer upon the Indians, materially modifies those figures, expressing the opinion that in 1600 there were not over half a million of Indians between the shores of the Gulf of Mexico and the Arctic Ocean, and, in fact, that the Indian population of today is substantially the same in volume that it was when Columbus discovered America, or Leif Ericson either. Illiteracy. The last census enumerates 36,761,607 persons of ten years of age and upward. Of this number 4,923, 451, or 13.4 per cent., are returned as unable to read, and 6,239,958, or 17 per cent., as unable to write. The following States show over 40 per cent. of their population as unable to write: Alabama, 60; Florida, 43; Georgia, 50; Louisiana, 49; Mississippi, 50; New Mexico, 65; North Carolina, 48; South Carolina, 55; and Virginia, 41, and the following States with less than 5 per cent. unable to read: Connecticut, 4; Dakota, 3; Illinois, 4; Indiana, 5; Iowa, 2; Kansas, 4; Maine, 4; Michigan, 4; Minnesota, 4; Montana, 5; Nebraska, 22; New Hampshire, 4; New Jersey, 5; New York, 4; Ohio, 4; Oregon, 4; Pennsylvania, 5; Utah, 5; Virginia, 5, and Wisconsin, 4. Average of Import Duties in Various Countries. The first strike in this country occurred in New York City in 1803, when a number of sailors struck for an advance of wages. 1806. The tailors this year established the first organization in the United States, in the present form of a trades union. 1819. The hatters organized a union of their craft. 1825-30. The Columbia Charitable Association of Shipwrights and Caulkers was organized. 1825. As early as this year the questions of shorter hours of work, better wages and protection of operatives in factories were being agitated, and during the years that immediately followed, social unions of different crafts were springing up in cities and manufacturing centers. 1828. The Workingmen's Party, a local political organization in New York, Boston, Philadelphia and other cities, appeared. 1829. At the State election in New York a workingmen's ticket was put in the field, and elected one candidate to the Legislature Ebenezer Ford, of New York. 1831. First local unions of printers. 1831. The New England Association of Farmers, Mechanics and Workingmen formed. 1832. Ten-hour movement among the shipwrights and caulkers throughout New England cities was followed by strikes, which proved unsuccessful. 1834. A mechanics' convention met at Utica, N. Y., and protested against convict labor. 1835. From this year onward strikes occurred in the different trades from time to time, with varying results. 1840. About this time many trades were organized, and some were enrolled in Labor Reform associations. 1840. President Van Buren established the ten-hour system for all employes of the Government in the Navy Yards. 1844-45. First effort of co-operation in connection with the labor movement originated in Boston. 1845. The New England Workingmen's Association was organized in Boston. 1845, October 12. The first Industrial Congress of the United States convened in New York. 1847. New Hampshire passed a law making ten hours a legal day's work. 1850. The labor agitation at this period was principally directed to a reduction in hours of work by legal enactment. It entered into politics and many candidates were run on that issue. 1850-60. National and international trades unions were organized, granting charters to local bodies and organizing new branches, from Maine to California. 1861-65. The eight-hour movement obtained great impetus during the war. 188 |