The violation of the marriage vow is cause for absolute divorce in all the States and Territories, excepting South Carolina and New Mexico, which have no divorce laws. Physical inability is a cause in all the States except Cal., Conn., Dak., Ia., La., N. M., N. Y., S. C., Tex. and Vt. In most of these States it renders marriage voidable. Willful desertion, one year, in Ark., Cal., Col., Dak., Fla., Ida., Kan., Ky, Mo., Mon., Nev., Utah, Wis., W. T. and Wyo. Willful desertion, two years, in Ala., Ariz, Ill., Ind., Ia., Mich., Miss., Neb, Pa. and Tenn Willful desertion, three years, in Conn, Del, Ga., Me., Md., Mass., Minn., N. H, N. J., O., Ore, Tex., Vt. and W. Va. Willful desertion, five years in Va. and R I, though the court may in the latter State decree a divorce for a shorter period. Habitual drunkenness, in all the States and Territories, except Md., N. J., N. Y., N. C., Pa., S. C., Tex., Vt, Va and W. Va. Imprisonment for felony" or "conviction of felony" in all the States and Territories (with limitations), except Dak., Fla., Me, Md., N. J., N. M., N. Y., N. C., S. C. and Utah. "Cruel and abusive treatment," "Intolerable cruelty," "extreme cruelty," "repeated cruelty," or "inhuman treatment," in all the States and Territories except N. J., N. M., N. Y., N. C., S C., Va. and W. Va. Failure by the husband to provide: one year in Cal, Col., Dak., Nev. and Wyo.; two years in Ind. and Ida; no time specified in Ariz, Ida, Mass., Mich., Me., Neb, R. 1., Vt. and Wis; willful neglect for three years in Del. Fraud and fraudulent contract in Ariz, Conn, Ga., Ida., Kan, Ky., O., Pa. and W. T. Absence without being heard from: three years in N. H.; seven years in Conn. and Vt.; separation five years, in Ky; voluntary separation, five years, in Wis. When reasonably presumed dead by the court, in R. I. "Ungovernable temper," in Ky; "habitual indulgence in violent and ungovernable temper," in Fla.; "cruel treatment, outrages or excesses as to render their living together insupportable " in Ark., Ky., La, Mo., Tenn. and Tex.; "indignities as render life burdensome," in Mo, Ore, Pa, Tenn., W. T. and Wyo. In Ga. an absolute divorce is granted only after the concurrent verdict of two juries at different terms of the court. In N. Y. absolute divorce is granted for but one cause, adultery. All of the causes above enumerated are for absolute or full divorce, and collusion and connivance are especially barred, and also condonation of violation of the marriage vow. The courts of every State, and particularly of New York, are very jealous of their jurisdiction, and generally refuse to recognize as valid a divorce against one of the citizens of the State by the court of another State, unless both parties to the suit were subject at the same time to the jurisdiction of the court granting the divorce. Previous Residence Required.-Dak., ninety days; Cal., Ind., Ida, Neb., Nev., N. M., Tex. and Wyoming, six months; Ala, Ariz, Ark, Col., Ill., Ia., Kan., Ky., Me., Miss., Minn., Mich., Mo, Mont., N. H., O, Ore., Pa, Utah, Vt. (both parties as husband and wife, W. Va., W. T. and Wis, one year; Fla., Md, N. C, R. I. and Tenn., two years; Conn and Mass. (if, when married, both parties were residents; otherwise five years), three years Remarriage.-There are no restrictions upon remarriage by divorced persons in Conn., Ky., Ill. and Minn. Defendant must wait two years and obtain permission from the court in Mass. The decree of the court may restrain the guilty party from remarrying in Va. Parties cannot remarry until after two years, except by permission of the court, in Me. In N. Y. the plaintiff may remarry, but the defendant cannot do so during the plaintiff's lifetime, unless the decree be modified or proof that five years have elapsed, and that complainant has married again and defendant's conduct has been uniformly good. Any violation of this is punished as bigamy, even though the other party has been married. In Del., Pa. and Tenn., no wife or husband divorced for violation of the marriage vow can marry the particeps criminis during the life of the former husband or wife, nor in La. at any time; such marriage in La. renders the person divorced guilty of bigamy. Rights of Married Women. Any and all property which a woman owns at her marriage, together with the rents, issues and profits thereof, and the property that comes to her by descent, devise, bequest, gift or grant, or which she acquires by her trade, business labor, or services performed on her separate account, shall, notwithstanding her marriage, remain her sole and separate property, and may be used, collected and invested by her in her own name, and shall not be subject to the interference or control of her husband, or be liable for his debts, unless for such debts as may have been contracted for the support of herself or children by her as his agent. A married woman may likewise bargain, sell, assign, transfer and convey such property, and enter into contracts regarding the same on her separate trade, labor or business with the like effect as if she were unmarried. Her husband, however, is not liable for such contracts, and they do not render him or his property in any way liable therefor. She may also sue and be sued in all matters having relation to her sole and separate property in the same manner as if she were sole. In the following cases a married woman's contract may be enforced against her and her separate estate: 1. When the contract is created in or respecting the carrying on of the trade or business of the wife. 2. When it relates to or is made for the benefit of her sole or separate estate. 3. When the intention to charge the separate estate is expressed in the contract creating the liability. When a husband receives a principal sum of money belonging to his wife, the law presumes he receives it for her use, and he must account for it, or expend it on her account by her authority or direction, or that she gave it to him as a gift. If he receives interest or income and spends it with her knowledge and without objection, a gift will be presumed from acquiescence. Money received by a husband from his wife and expended by him, under her direction, on his land, in improving the home of the family, is a gift, and cannot be recovered by the wife, or reclaimed, or an account demanded. An appropriatior. by a wife, herself, of her separate property to the use and benefit of her husband, in the absence of an agree、 ment to repay, or any circumstances from which such an agreement can be inferred, will not create the relation of debtor and creditor, nor render the husband liable to account. Though no words of gift be spoken, a gift by a wife to her husband may be shown by the very nature of the transaction, or appear from the attending circumstances. A wife who causelessly deserts her husband is not entitled to the aid of a court of equity in getting possession of such chattels as she has contributed to the furnishing and adornment of her husband's house. Her legal title remains, and she could convey her interest to a third party by sale, and said party would have a good title, unless her husband should prove a gift. Wife's property is not liable to a lien of a sub-contractor for materials furnished to the husband for the erection of a building thereon, where it is not shown that the wife was notified of the intention to furnish the materials, or a settlement made with the contractor and given to the wife, her agent or trustee. The common law of the United States has some curious provisions regarding the rights of married women, though in all the States there are statutory provisions essentially modifying this law. As it now stands the husband is responsible for necessaries supplied to the wife even should he not fail to supply them himself, and is held liable if he turn her from his house, or otherwise separates himself from her without good cause. He is not held liable if the wife deserts him, or if he turns her away for good cause. If she leaves him through good cause, then he is liable. If a man lives with a woman as his wife, and so represents her, even though this representation is made to one who knows she is not, he is liable the same way as if she were his wife. Arbitration. Arbitration is an investigation and determination of subjects of difference between persons involved in dispute, by unofficial persons chosen by the parties in question. The general rule is that any person capable of making a valid contract concerning the subject in dispute may be a party to an arbitration. Any matter which the parties may adjust by agreement, or which may be made the subject of a suit at law, may be determined by arbitration. Crimes cannot be made the subject matter of an arbitration. This matter is regulated by statute in the different States. The Law of Finding. The general rule is that the finder has a clear title against every one but the owner. The proprietor of a hotel or a shop has no right to demand property of others found on his premises. Such proprietor may make regulations in regard to lost property which will bind their employes, but they cannot bind the public. The finder has been held to stand in the place of the owner, so that he was permitted to prevail in an action against a person who found an article which the plaintiff had originally found, but subsequently lost. The police have no special rights in regard to articles lost, unless those rights are conferred by statute. Receivers of articles found are trustees for the owner or finder. They have no power in the absence of special statute to keep an article against the finder, any more than the finder has to retain an article against the owner. Area, Sq. Miles. Area, Sq Miles. Av. Depth. | Name. 66 66 Inland Seas of the World. Area, Sq. Miles. Caspian Sea...176,000 Sea of Aral.... 30,000 Dead Sea 303 Lake Balkal... 12,000 204 ft. 336" 300 " Depth. Name. Area, Sq. Miles. Depth. 250 ft. Lake Erie... 10,815 100" Lake Ontario 6,300 200" Lake Nicaragua. 6,000 750" Lake Titacaca.. 3,012 1,000 "Salt Lake 800 " 1,875 1,400 66 66 Lake Superior. 32,000 66 SHORT FORM OF ASSIGNMENT OF WRITTEN INSTRUMENT. FOR VALUE RECEIVED, I do hereby assign, transfer and set over unto CD, and his assigns, all my right, title and interest in and to the within written instrument, this day of......, A.D. 1890. A B. ORDINARY BILL OF EXCHANGE, OR DRAFT AT A TIME AFTER SIGHT. $250. Chicago, January 1, 1890. Ten days after sight, pay to the order of W F, two hundred and fifty dollars, for value received, and charge the same to account of To M. B. & Co. N Y J. H. C. & Co., When a draft is payable at sight, commence thus: "At sight, pay," etc. GENERAL FORM OF AGREEMENT. THIS AGREEMENT, made this ...... day of ......, one thousand eight hundred and ....... between A B, of ., County of and State of Illinois, of the first part, and C D, of in said county and State, of ti.e second partWitnesseth, that the said A B, in consideration of the covenants and agreements on the part of the party of the second part hereinafter contained, doth covenant and agree to and with the said C D, that (here insert the agreement on the part of A B). And the said C D, in consideration of the covenants on the part of the party of the first part, doth covenant and agree to and with the said A B, that (here insert the agreement on the part of CD). IN WITNESS WHEREOF, we have hereunto set our hands and seals, the day and year first above written. A B. [SEAL.] CD. [SEAL.] COMMON FORM OF BOND FOR PAYMENT OF MONEY. KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, that I, A B, of in the county of and State of Illinois, am held and firmly bound unto C D, of ..... cou ity of and State aforesaid, in the sum of..... dollars, to be paid to the said C D, his executors, administrators and assigns, to which payment, well and truly to be made, I bind myself, my heirs, executors and administrators, and every of them, firmly by these presents. Sealed with my seal, the ...... day of....... A D. 1890. in the The condition of this obligation is such, that if the above bound A B, his heirs, executors and administrators, or either of them, shall well and truly pay, or cause to be paid, unto the said CD), his executors, administrators or assigns, the just and full sum of ...... dollars, with interest thereon, at the yearly rate of per cent. for the same, on or before the ...... A D. 1890, then this obligation to be void and of no effect; otherwise to remain in full force. day of FORM OF BILL OF SALE OF GOODS OR PERSONAL PROPERTY. KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, that I, A B, of in the county of and State of Illinois, in consideration of the sum of ..... dollars, to me paid by C D, of ......, at and before the sealing and delivery of these presents, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, have bargained, sold and delivered, and by these presents do bargain, sell and deliver unto the said CD, the following goods and chattels, towit: (Here insert a bill of particular goods sold or personal property). To have and to hold the said goods and chattels unto the said C D, his executors, administrators and assigns, to his and their own proper use and benefit forever. And I, the said AB, for myself and my heirs, executors and administrators, do warrant and will defend the said bargained premises unto the said C D., his executors, administrators and assigns, from and against all persons whomsoever. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand and seal, this .... of... A. D. 1890. ....... day A B. [SEAL.] |