to the satisfaction of the court that for two years next preceding it has been his bona fide intention to become a citizen. CHILDREN OF NATURALIZED CITIZENS.-The children of persons who have been duly naturalized, being under the age of sixteen years at the time of the naturalization of their parents, shall, if dwelling in the United States, be considered as citizens thereof. CITIZENS' CHILDREN WHO ARE BORN ABROAD.-The children of persons who now are or have been citizens of the United States are, though born out of the limits and jurisdiction of the United States, considered as citizens thereof. PROTECTION ABROAD TO NATURALIZED CITIZENS.-Section 2000 of the Revised Statutes of the United States declares that "all naturalized citizens of the United States while in foreign countries are entitled to and shall receive from this Government the same protection of persons and property which is accorded to native-born citizens." When a Man Becomes of Age. The question sometimes arises whether a man is entitled to vote at an election held on the day preceding the twenty-first anniversary of his birth. Blackstone, in his Commentaries, book 1, page 463, says: "Full age in male or female is 21 years, which age is completed on the day preceding the anniversary of a person's birth, who, till that time, is an infant, and so styled in law." The late Chief Justice Sharswood, in his edition of Blackstone's Commentaries, quotes Christian's note on the above as follows: "If he is born on the 16th day of February, 1608, he is of age to do any legal act on the morning of the 15th of February, 1629, though he may not have lived twenty-one years by nearly forty-eight hours. The reason assigned is that in law there is no fraction of a day; and if the birth were on the last second of one day and the act on the first second of the preceding day twenty-one years after, then twenty-one years would be complete; and in the law it is the same whether a thing is done upon one moment of the day or another." The same high authority (Sharswood) adds in a note of his own: "A person is of full age the day before the twenty-first anniversary of his birthday." THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION. The President and Vice-President of the United States are chosen by officials termed "Electors" in each State, who are, under existing State laws, chosen by the qualified voters thereof by ballot, on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in Novem ber in every fourth year preceding the year in which the Presi dential term expires. The Constitution of the United States prescribes that each State shall appoint," in such manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in Congress; but no Senator or Representative or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States shall be an elector. The Constitution requires that the day when electors are chosen shall be the same throughout the United States. At the beginning of our Government most of the electors were chosen by the Legislatures of their respective States, the people having no direct participation in their choice; and one State, South Carolina, continued that practice down to the breaking out of the Civil War. But in all the States now the Presidential electors are, under the direction of State laws, chosen by the people. The manner in which the chosen electors meet and ballot for a President and Vice-President of the United States is provided for in Article XII. of the Constitution. The same article prescribes the mode in which the Congress shall count the ballots of the electors, and announce the result. The procedure of the two houses, in case the returns of the election of electors from any State are disputed, is provided in the "Electoral Count" Act, passed by the Forty-ninth Congress. The Constitution defines who is eligible for President of the United States, as follows: No person except a natural-born citizen or a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution shall be eligible to the office of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of 35 years. The qualifications for Vice-President are the same. The "Electoral Count" Act directs that the Presidential electors shall meet and give their votes on the second Monday in January next following their election. It fixes the time when Congress shall be in session to count the ballots as the second Wednesday in February succeeding the meeting of the electors. The Presidential succession is fixed by chapter 4 of the acts of the Forty-ninth Congress, first session. In case of the removal, death, resignation or inability of both the President and VicePresident, then the Secretary of State shall act as President until the disability of the President or Vice-President is removed or a President is elected. If there be no Secretary of State, then the Secretary of the Treasury will act; and the remainder of the order of succession is: The Secretary of War, AttorneyGeneral, Postmaster-General, Secretary of the Navy, and Secretary of the Interior. The acting President must, upon taking office, convene Congress, if not at the time in session, in extraordinary session, giving twenty days' notice. Ala State elections are held in the various States as follows: bama and Kentucky, first Monday in August; Arkansas, first Monday in September; Georgia, first Wednesday in October; Louisiana, Tuesday after third Monday in April; Maine, second Monday in September; Oregon, first Monday in June; Rhode Island, first Wednesday in April; Vermont, first Tuesday in September. All others are on Tuesday after first Monday in November. State Presidential elections are all on Tuesday after first Monday in November. RODERIGO DE TRIANA was the name of the sailor with Coiumbus who first saw the "New World"-at 2 A. M., Oct. 12, 1492, on board the Pinta. What is termed the Australian Ballot System, the professed purposes of which are to secure the secrecy of the ballot and prevent the intimidation or corrupting of the voter, was practically introduced into the United States recently by its adoption by law in the State of Massachusetts and the city of Louisville, Ky. Agitation for the adoption of this plan of voting is now rife in many States. Its substantial requirements are as follows: Ballots are to be provided at public expense; none but these ballots are to be used; on them are to be printed the names of all candidates who are nominated either by conventions or petitions a short period prior to the election; the ballots are to be distributed only by sworn ballot clerks, at the polls, to voters, and for actual and immediate use in voting; the voter is allowed five minutes in which to retire into a booth conveniently arranged, where he secretly marks his choice of candidates upon the face of the ballot, or, if he prefers, writes the names of candidates of his own nomination in place of those whose names are already printed; having done this he proceeds directly to the ballot-box, and, without exposing the face of the ballot, or communicating with any one, deposits the ballot as his vote. For the benefit of the blind and illiterate, such a voter is permitted to select one of the two ballot clerks, who, under oath of fidelity and secrecy, assists him to mark his ballot. POPULAR VOTE. For Presidential candidates from 1824 to and including 1888. Prior to 1824 electors were chosen by the Legislatures of the different States. for 1824-J. Q. Adams had 105,321 to 155,- White, Webster and Maguin. Van Buren's majority, 24,893.. Of the whole vote Van Buren had 50.83 per cent., and the others combined 49.17. 1840-Harrison had 1,275,017 to 1,128,702 for Van Buren, and 7,059 for Birney. Harrison's majority, 139,256. Of the whole vote Harrison had 52.89 per cent., Van Buren 46 82 and Birney .29. 1844-Polk had 1,337,243 to 1,299.068 cent., Cass 42.50 and Van Buren 10 14. 1852-Pierce had 1,601,474 to 1,386,578 for Scott and 156, 149 for Hale. Pierce over all, 58,747. Of the whole vote Pierce had 50 90 per cent., Scott 44.10 and Hale 4 97. 1856-Buchanan had 1,838, 169 to 1,341,264 for Fremont and 874,534 for Fillmore. Buchanan over Fremont, 496, 905. Buchanan less than combined vote of others, 377,629. Of the whole vote Buchanan had 45.34 per cent., Fremont 33.09 and Fillmore 21.57. 1860-Lincoln had 1,866,352 to 1,375,157 for Douglas, 845,763 for Breckenridge and 589,581 for Bell. Lincoln over Breckenridge, 491,195. Lincoln less than Douglas and Breckenridge combined, 354,568. Lincoln less than combined vote of all others, 944,149. Of the whole vote Lincoln had 39.91 per cent., Douglas 29.40, Breckenridge 18.08 and Bell 12 61. 1864-Lincoln had 2,216,067 to 1,808,725 for McClellan (eleven States not voting, viz: Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas and Virginia). Lincoln's majority, 408,342. Of the whole vote Lincoln had 55.06 per cent, and McClellan 44.94. 1868-Grant had 3,015 071 to 2,709,613 for Seymour (three States not voting, viz: Mississippi, Texas and Virginia). Grant's majority, 305,458. Of the whole vote Grant had 52.67 per cent. and Seymour 47.33. Til den's majority over Hayes, 250,935. Tilden's majority of the entire vote cast. 157,037. Hayes less than the combined vote of others, 344,833. Of the whole vote cast Hayes had 47 95 per cent., Tilden 50.94, Cooper .97, Smith .11, scattering.03. 1880-Garfield had 4,449,053 to 4,442, 035 for Hancock, 307,300 for Weaver and 12,576 scattering. Garfield over Hancock, 7.018. Garfield less than the combined vote of others, 313,864. Of the popular vote Garfield had 48.26 per cent., Hancock 48.25, Weaver 3.33, scattering. 13. 1884 Cleveland had 4,874,986 to 4.851,981 for Blaine, 150,369 for St. John, 173,370 for Butler. Cleveland had over Blaine 23,006. Cleveland had 48.48 per cent., Blaine 48.22, St John 1.49, Butler 1.74. 1888 Harrison had 5,441,902 to 5,538,560 for Cleveland, 249,937 for Fisk, 147,521 for Streeter, 5,673 for Cowdrey, 1,591 for Curtis and 9,845 scattering. Harrison had 96,658 less than Cleveland. Of the whole vote Harrison had 47.83 per cent, Cleveland 48.63, Fisk 2.21 and Streeter 1.30. Of the Presidents, Adams, Federalist; Polk Buchanan and Cleveland, Democrats; Taylor, Whig; Lincoln, Hayes, Garfield and Harrison, Republicans, did not, when elected, receive a majority of the popular vote The highest percentage of popular vote received by any President was 55.97 for Jackson, Democrat, in 1828, and the lowest 39.91 for Lincoln, Republican, in 1860; Harrison, Republican, next lowest, with 47.83. Hayes and Harrison, with the exception of John Quincy Adams, who was chosen by the House of Representatives, were the only Presidents ever elected who did not have a majority over their principal competitors, and Tilden and Cleveland the only defeated candidates who had a majority over the President-elect. 1872-Grant had 3,597,070 to 2,834,079 for Greeley, 29,408 for O'Conor and 5,608 for Black. Grant's majority, 729,975. Of the whole vote Grant had 55.63 per cent., Greeley 43.83, O'Conor .15, Black .09. 1876-Hayes had 4,033,950 to 4,284,885 for Tilden, 81,740 for Cooper, 9,522 for Smith and 2,636 scattering. CANDLE-POWER.-The candle-power of a light may be approximately calculated by comparing the shadow cast by a rod in the light of a standard candle, with the shadow cast by the light to be tested. By moving the latter toward or away from the rod, a point will be reached at which the shadow cast by both lights will be of the same intensity. The intensities of the two lights are directly proportional to the squares of their distances from the shadows; for example, suppose the light to be tested is three times the distance of the candle its illuminating power is nine times as great. |