western rivers. It was completed, and made the voyage to New Orleans, 2,000 miles, in 1811.

The first steam vessels of Europe commenced plying on the Clyde in 1812.

The Savannah, the first steamer to cross the ocean, was of 350 tons burden, and sailed for Liverpool from Savannah, Ga., July 15, 1819.

Capt. Johnson was paid £10,000, or $50,000, for making the first steam voyage to India. The voyage was made on the steamer Enterprise, which sailed from Falmouth, England, Aug. 16, 1825.

The first war steamer was built in England in 1838.

Ice melts at 32°; temperature of globe, 50°; blood heat, 98°; alcohol boils, 174°; water boils, 212°; lead melts, 594°; heat of common fire, 1,140°; brass melts, 2,233°; iron melts, 3,479°.

Comparison of Thermometric Scales.

To convert the degrees of Centigrade into those of Fahrenheit, multiply by 9, divide by 5, and add 32.

To convert degrees of Centigrade into those of Reaumur, multiply by 4, and divide by 5.

To convert degrees of Fahrenheit into those of Centigrade, deduct 32, multiply by 5, and divide by 9.

To convert degrees of Fahrenheit into those of Reaumur, deduct 32, divide by 9, and multiply by 4.

To convert degrees of Reaumur into those of Centigrade, multiply by 5, and divide by 4.

To convert degrees of Reaumur into those of Fahrenheit, multiply by 9, divide by 4, and add 32.

In De Lisle's thermometer, used in Russia, the gradation begins at boiling point, which is marked zero, and the freezing point is 150.

DANGERS OF FOUL AIR.-If the condensed breath collected on the cool window panes of a room where a number of persons have been assembled be burned, a smell as of singed hair will show the presence of organic matter, and if the condensed breath be allowed to remain on the windows for a few days, it will be found, on examination by the microscope, that it is alive with animaculæ. It is the inhalation of air containing such putrescent matter which causes half of the sick-headaches, which might be avoided by a circulation of fresh air.

The Hebrew race is distributed over the Eastern continent as follows:

In Europe there are 5,400,000; in France, 63,000; Germany, 562,000, of which Alsace-Loraine contains 39,000; AustroHungary, 1,544,000; Italy, 40,000; Netherlands, 82,000; Roumania, 265,000; Russia, 2,552,000; Turkey, 105.000, and in other countries 35,000, Belgium containing the smallest number, only 3,000.

In Asia there are 319,000; Asiatic Turkey, 47,000, in Palestine there being 25,000; Asiatic Russia, 47,000; Persia, 18,000; Middle Asia, 14,000; India, 19,000, and China, 1,000.

Africa contains 350.000; Egypt, 8,000; Tunis, 55,000; Algiers, 35,000; Morocco, 60,000; Tripoli, 6,000, and Abyssinia, 200,000. The entire number of Hebrews in the world is nearly 6,300,000.

T

HE principal methods of developing the physique now prescribed by trainers are exercise with dumbbells, the bar bell and the chest weight. The rings and horizontal and parallel bars are also used, but not nearly to the extent that they formerly were. The movement has been all in the direction of the simplification of apparatus; in fact, one well-known teacher of the Boston Gymnasium when asked his opinion said: "Four bare walls and a floor, with a well-posted instructor, is all that is really required for a gymnasium.”

Probably the most important as well as the simplest appliance for gymnasium work is the wooden dumbbell, which has displaced the ponderous iron bell of former days. Its weight is from three-quarters of a pound to a pound and a half, and with one in each hand a variety of motions can be gone through, which are of immense benefit in building up or toning down every muscle and all vital parts of the body.

The first object of an instructor in taking a beginner in hand is to increase the circulation. This is done by exercising the extremities, the first movement being one of the hands, after which come the wrists, then the arms, and next the head and feet. As the circulation is increased the necessity for a larger supply of oxygen, technically called "oxygen hunger," is created, which is only satisfied by breathing exercises, which develop the lungs. After the circulation is in a satisfactory condition, the dumbbell instructor turns his attention to exercising the great muscles of the body, beginning with those of the back, strengthening which holds the body erect, thus increasing the chest capacity, invigorating the digestive organs, and, in fact, all the vital functions. By the use of very light weights an equal and symmetrical development of all parts of the body is obtained,. and then there are no sudden demands on the heart and lungs.

After the dumbbell comes exercise with the round, or bar bell. This is like the dumbbell, with the exception that the bar connecting the balls is four or five feet, instead of a few inches in length. Bar bells weigh from one to two pounds each, and are found most useful in building up the respiratory and digestive systems, their especial province being the strengthening of the erector muscles and increasing the flexibility of the chest.

Of all fixed apparatus in use the pulley weight stands easily first in importance. These weights are available for a greater variety of objects than any other gymnastic appliance, and can be used either for general exercise or for strengthening such muscles as most require it. With them a greater localization is possible than with the dumbbell, and for this reason they are recommended as a kind of supplement to the latter. As chest de

1. The bar bell-chest expander. 2. Anterior muscular developer. 3. Developing loins and lumbar region-aid to digestion. 4. Side and loin development. 5. Giant pulley exercise -for elevating right side of chest. 6. Developing muscles that hold the shoulders back. 7. Developing muscles of front upper chest. 8. Posterior development-to make one erect.

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