(Reckoning 7 brick to each superficial foot.) 1,000 shingles, laid 4 inches to the weather, will cover 100 sq. ft. of surface, and 5 lbs. of shingle nails will fasten them on. One-fifth more siding and flooring is needed than the number of square feet of surface to be covered, because of the lap in the siding and matching. 1,000 laths will cover 70 yards of surface, and 11 lbs. of lath nails will nail them on. Eight bushels of good lime, 16 bushels of sand, and 1 bushel of hair will make enough good mortar to plaster 100 square yards. A cord of stone, 3 bushels of lime, and a cubic yard of sand, will lay 100 cubic feet of wall. Cement bushel and sand 2 bushels will cover 32 square yards 1 inch thick, 41⁄2 square yards 3/4 inch thick, 64 square yards1⁄2 inch thick. I bu. cement and one of sand will cover 24 square yards 1 inch thick, 3 square yards 34 inch thick, and 41⁄2 square yards 1⁄2 inch thick. Five courses of brick will lay 1 foot in height on a chimney. 8 bricks in a course will make a flue 4 ins. wide and 12 ins. long, and 16 bricks in a course will make a flue 8 ins wide and 16 ins. long. Twenty-two cubic feet of stone, when built into the wall, is I perch. Three pecks of lime and four bushels of sand are required to each perch of wall. There are 20 common bricks to a cubic foot when laid; and 15 common bricks to a foot of 8-inch wall when laid. Fifty feet of boards will build one rod of fence five boards high, first board being 10 inches wide, second 8 inches, third 7 inches, fourth 6 inches, fifth 5 inches. Useful Facts for Bricklayers and Plasterers. The average weight of smaller-sized bricks is about 4 lbs.; of the larger about 6 lbs. Dry bricks will absorb about one-fifteenth of their weight in water. A load of mortar measures a cubic yard, or 27 cubic ft.; requires a cubic yard of sand and 9 bus. of lime and will fill 30 hods. A bricklayer's hod 1 ft. 4 in. by 9 in. by 9 in. equals 1,296 cubic in. in capacity, and contains 20 bricks. A single load of sand and other materials equals a cubic yard, or 27 cubic ft.; a double load twice that quantity. One thousand bricks, closely stacked, occupy about 56 cubic ft. One thousand old bricks, cleaned and loosely stacked, occupy about 72 cubic feet. One superficial foot of gauged arches requires ten bricks. One yard of paving requires 36 stock bricks laid flat, or 52 on edge, and 36 paving bricks laid flat, or 82 on edge. The bricks of different makers vary in dimensions, and those of the same maker vary also, owing to varying degrees of heat in burning. The calculations given above are therefore approximate. One hundred yards of plastering will require 1,400 laths, 41⁄2 bus. lime, four-fifths of a load of sand, 9 lbs. hair, and 6 lbs. nails, for two-coat work. Three men and one helper will put on 450 yards, in a day's work, of two-coat work, and will put on a hard finish for 300 yards. A bushel of hair weighs, when dry, about 15 lbs. PUTTY, FOR PLASTERING, is a very fine cement made of lime only. It is thus prepared: Dissolve in a small quantity of water, as two or three gallons, an equal quantity of fresh lime, constantly stirring it with a stick until the lime be entirely slacked, and the whole becomes of a suitable consistency, so that when the stick is taken out of it, it will but just drop therefrom; this, being sifted or run through a hair sieve, to take out the gross parts of the lime, is fit for use. Putty differs from fine stuff in the manner of preparing it, and its being used without hair. 362 TO FIND THE Number of BRICKS REQUIRED IN A BUILDING -Rule-Multiply the number of cubic feet by 22%. The number of cubic feet is found by multiplying the length, height and thickness (in feet) together. Bricks are usually made 8 inches long, 4 inches wide and 2 inches thick; hence it requires 27 bricks to make a cubic foot without mortar, but it is generally assumed that the mortar fills 1-6 of the space. ESTIMATES OF MATERIALS.-31⁄2 barrels of lime will do 100 square yards plastering, two coats. 2 barrels of lime will do 100 square yards plastering, one coat. 11⁄2 bushels of hair will do 100 square yards plastering. 14 yards good sand will do 100 square yards plastering. barrel of plaster (stucco) will hard-finish 100 square yards plastering. 1 barrel of lime will lay 1,000 bricks. (It takes good lime to do it) 2 barrels of lime will lay 1 cord rubble stone 1⁄2 barrel of lime will lay 1 perch rubble stone estimating cord to perch). To every barrel of lime estimate about 5% yards of good sand for plastering and brick work. MASON WORK-BRICK.-1% barrels lime and 5% yard sand will lay 1,000 brick. One man with 14 tenders will lay 1,800 to 2,000 brick per day. RUBBLE.-14 barrels lime and 1 yard of sand will lay 100 feet of stone. One man will lay 150 feet of stone per day with one tender. CEMENT.-14 barrels cement and 34 yard sand will lay 100 feet rubble stone. Same time as to mason and tender as rubble. FLOOR, WALL AND ROOF MEASURE.-To find the number of square yards in a floor or wall: Rule-Multiply the length by the width or height (in feet) and divide the product by 9; the result will be square yards. BIG SALARIES.-There are a score of men in New York who are paid as much for their services each year as the President of the United States. Forty thousand dollars a year is a very tidy salary. There are hundreds of men who get $25,000 a year salary, and the number who get from $10,000 to $20,000 are legion. Very ordinary men get from $5,000 to $8,000 a year, or as much as a Cabinet officer. Dr. Norvin Green, president of the Western Unior. Telegraph Company, is paid $50,So is Chauncey M. Depew, president of the New York Central Railroad. Richard M. McCurdy, president of the Mutual Life Insurance Company, gets a like amount. John Hoey, president of Adams Express Company, fares equally as well. President Henry B. Hyde, of the Equitable Life Insurance Company, is also on the list. George G. Williams, president of the Chemical National Bank, the richest banking institution in America, with nearly $5,000,000 of surplus, $20,000,000 average deposits, is paid a salary of $25,000 yearly. President Potts of the Paris Bank and President Tappan of the Gallatin National Bank receive a like sum each twelve months. The best paid minister in New York is Dr. John Hall, a brainy man from the north of Ireland, who preaches to $20,000,000 every Sunday. His is the smallest church in town. He owes his rise in life to Robert Bonner of the Ledger, who found him preaching to a small delegation in Dublin, and induced him to come to America. He gets a salary of $20,000 a year and makes $5,000 by his newspaper and magazine articles He is given a luxuriously furnished house as well. Dr. Morgan Dix, the chief pastor of Trinity Church corporation, the wealthiest in America, receives $15,000 yearly. Dr. William L. Taylor, of the Broadway Tabernacle, gets the same amount. He does literary work and lecturing that brings his income up to $20,000. Dr. Charles Hall, of the Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church, is paid $15,000. He is very eloquent, and his church is crowded at all services. Dr. Parkhurst, of Madison Square Church, gets $12,000. He has a large and distinguished congregation. Cyrus W. Field is one of the pillars of the church. Dr. Paxton, who preaches to Jay Gould and others less wealthy, is paid $15,000. The Rev. Robert Collyer, the blacksmith preacher, is paid $10,000. Quantity of material in every four lineal feet of exterior wall in a balloon frame building, height of wall being given : Amount of lumber in rafters, collar-piece and boarding, and number of shingles to four lineal feet of roof, measured from eave to eave over ridge. Rafters 16-inch centers: COMPARATIVE STRENGTH OF TIMBER AND CAST IRON. Table showing the transverse strength of timber and of cast iron one foot long and one inch square. The following general rules referring to the practical use of cement will be found convenient for reference: Quality of Sand-The sand should be clean, sharp and coarse. When the sand is mixed with loam the mortar will set comparatively slow, and the work will be comparatively weak. Fine sand, and especially water-worn sand, delays the setting of the cement, and deteriorates strength. Damp sand should not be mixed with dry cement, but the cement and sand should be mixed thoroughly and uniformly together, when both are dry, and no water should be applied until immediately before the mortar is wanted for use. Proportion of Sand-The larger the proportion of cement the stronger the work. One part of good cement to two parts sand is allowable for ordinary work; but for cisterns, cellars, and work requiring special care, half and half is the better proportion. For floors, the cement should be increased toward the surface. Water in Concrete-Use no more water in cement than absolutely necessary. Cement requires but a very small quantity of water in crystalizing. Merely dampening the material gives the best results. Any water in excess necessarily evaporates and leaves the hardened cement comparatively weak and porous. Concrete in Water-Whenever concrete is used under water, care must be taken that the water is still. So say all English and American authorities. In laying cellar floors, or constructing cisterns or similar work, care must also be taken to avoid pressure of exterior water. Cement will not crystalize when disturbed by the force of currents, or pressure of water, but will resist currents and pressure after hardening only. In still water, good cement will harden quicker than in air, and when kept in water will be stronger than when kept in air. Cements which harden especially quick in air are usually slow or worthless in water. How to Put Down Concrete-When strong work is wanted, for cellar floors and all similar work, the concrete should be dampened and tamped down to place, with the back of a spade, or better, with the end of a plank or rammer; then finished off with a trowel, thus leveling and compacting the work. Only persons ignorant of the business will lay a floor or walk with soft cement mortar. All artificial stone is made in a similar way to that described, and, when set, is strong and hard as stone. Delay in Use-Do not permit the mortar to exhaust its setting properties by delaying its use when ready. Inferior cements only will remain standing in the mortarbed any length of time without serious injury. Stone and Brick Work-In buildings constructed of stone or brick, the best protection from dampness and decay, and also from the danger of cyclones, is a mortar of cement and coarse sand. The extra cost is inconsiderable, and the increased value of the structure very great. Chimneys laid in this manner never blow down, and cellars whose foundations are thus laid are always free from atmospheric moisture. Cement may also be mixed with lime mortar for plastering and other purposes, to great advantage. Effect of Frost and Cold-At a temperature less than 60 degrees Fahrenheit, all good cement sets slowly, though surely, but if allowed to freeze its value is seriously impaired. In cold weather or cold water do not fear to wait for your concrete to crystalize. Damage from Moisture-Good cement is not injured by age, if carefully preserved from moisture. Lumps in bags or barrels of cement are caused by exposure to moisture. They prove the originally good quality of the cement. THE Ramphorhyncus, the remains of which have been found in the quarries of Solenhofen, Germany, was a curious intermediate link between birds and reptiles. Its tail. a singular appendage, was long, reptile-like, and dragged upon the ground, while its footprints were bird-like. JOHN VERRAZANNI, an eminent Florentine navigator, in 1524, landed where the lower extremity of New York City is, and giving the natives some spirituous liquors made many of them drunk. The Indians called the place Manna-ha-ta, or "place of drunkenness," and they were afterwards called Manna-ha-tans. |