According to the latest census of its various states, the popula tion of Europe amounts to 340,000,000, or one-fourth of the entire population of the world.

Religion-Christians, 328,000,000 (Roman Catholics, 160,000.000; Protestants, 85,000,000; Greek Church, 83,000,000). Mohammedans, 6,000,000; Jews, 5,700,000; Heathen, 300,000. Climate-Mean annual temperature and rainfall:

Mediter

ranean countries, 59°-66° F., 23-43 inches; Atlantic coasts, 37-59° F., 19-118 inches; Baltic district, 370-500 F., 15-23 inches; Black Sea district, 410-53° F., 7-19 inches; Subarctic Europe, 190-320 F.

THE BRITISH ISLES.-The British Isles comprise about 500 islands, of which one-half are inhabited. Religion-Church of England (Episcopal), about 14.000,000; Church of Scotland (Presbyterian), about 1,400,000; Roman Catholics, about 6,000,000; Dissenters, 6,000,000; Jews, 60,000. Government-Hereditary limited Monarchy. Executive, the Sovereign. Legislative, the Sovereign, the House of Lords, composed of 4 Royal Princes, 2 Archbishops, 22 Dukes, 19 Marquises, 114 Earls, 28 Viscounts, 24 Bishops, 286 Barons, 16 Scottish Representative Peers, and 28 Irish Representative Peers; I of the former and 2 cf the latter are Peers of England. Total, 540. And lastly, the House of Commons, composed of 670 members, elected every Parliament― 465 for England, 30 for Wales, 72 for Scotland, and 103 for Ireland.

ENGLAND AND WALES form the southern and larger part of Great Britain. State Religion, Protestant Episcopal, 13,500,000; Dissenters, 12,500,000 (Methodists have 13,270 chapels; Independents, 2,603; Baptists, 2,243). Roman Catholics, 1,058,000; Jews, 60,000. There are 5 universities (Oxford, 3,090 students; Cambridge, 2,894; Victoria, 1,310; Durham, 181; and London); 13 university colleges with 6,800 students; 9" great public schools" with 3,940 pupils; a large number of private and higher class schools; and 19,022 elementary schools attended by 4,505,825 pupils.

In England So per cent. of the whole area is productive; in Wales, Co per cent. Cereal crops occupy a fourth of the productive area of England, and a sixth in Wales. But manufactures, mining, and trade entirely outstrip agricultural industry. Minerals-Coal, 1886, 137,039,441 tons annually, iron, lead, tin, copper, zinc, slate, salt, and shale. Factories-Cotton, 2,481 (465,654 employes); woollen, 1,503 (108,634); silk, 681 (40,134). Total number of textile factories, 6,359. Employes, S14,474.

SCOTLAND forms the northern and smaller part of Great Religion—Established Church of Scotland, 579,043

Britain.

Montreal, is noted for its churches. next to Gibraltar, the strongest in the world. The metropolis, Its fortifications, when taken by Gen. Wolfe, were considered, agers. The capital, Quebec, is the oldest city in the Dominion. present population is largely composed of descendants of the voyQUEBEC was originally settled by the French, and its

first made their appearance winter, but occasionally hot in summer. Winnipeg is the capital. product. The first settlers (1731) were French, and English traders country, this cereal ripening in 110 days. Furs are also a leading MANITOBA, a province of Canada, is a great wheat-growing in 1767. Climate very severe

in

members; Free Church of Scotland, 333,098 members; United Presbyterian, 182,170 members; Episcopal, 76,939; Roman Catholic, 320,000. Education-There are 4 universities (Aberdeen, 830 students; Edinburgh, 3,164; Glasgow, 2,231; St. Andrews, 212); I college (Dundee, 332 students); nearly 300 higher class schools with about 70,000 pupils; and 3,092 elementary schools with (1886) 615,498 scholars. Government grant (1887), £445,883.

The total area of Scotland is 19,084,659 acres, and out of this number 14,613,446 acres consist of woods, bog and waste land, water, and hill-land. Only 25 per cent. of the whole area is productive. Cereal crops occupy a fourth of the productive area, and agriculture is limited to the plains and valleys of the east and south. Minerals-Coal (20,373,478 tons in 1886), iron, lead, slate, etc. Factories-Cotton, 147 (37,167 employes); woolen, 274 (27,546); flax, 152 (39,086); jute, 105 (36,269). Total number of textile factories, 776 with 152,279 employes.

IRELAND has the Atlantic Ocean on all sides except the east, where it is separated from Great Britain by St. George's Channel, the Irish Sea, and North Channel. Religion-Roman Catholics, 3,960,891; Protestant Episcopalians, 620,000; Presbyterians, 470,734; Methodists, 48,839; Jews, 472. EducationThere are 2 universities (Dublin, 1,258 students, and the Royal University); 3 Queen's Colleges, Belfast (400), Cork (249), Galway (94); 1,500 superior schools with 200,000 pupils; 8,024 elementary schools (1886) with an average attendance of 490,484. Government grant (1887) £888,966.

Ireland is essentially an agricultural country; the mineral resources are small, and mining is not prosecuted with vigor. Of the whole area, 74 per cent. is productive, and cereal crops occupy one-ninth of this. Minerals-Coal is extensively distributed; but from its inferior quality and its not being found near iron, it is not much wrought-only 105,563 tons having been produced in 1886. Iron ore is common, but smelting cannot be carried on for want of fuel. Manufactures-The chief manufacture is linen, which is mostly confined to Ulster. FactoriesLinen, 166 (61,749 employes); woolen, 141 (3,136); cotton, 7 (1,248). Total number of textile factories, 330 with 68,158 employes.

SPAIN is bounded on the north by France and the Bay of Biscay; on the west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal; and on the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea. Religion-Roman Catholic, except 34,000 (6,654 Protestants). Government-Constitutional monarchy. Executive, the King. Legislative, the King, and Cortes, composed of the Senate with 360 members, and Congress of 431 members. Education-30,000 elementary

schools with 1,700,000 pupils; 10 universities with 15,700 students. PORTUGAL.-On the east and north Portugal is bounded by Spain, and on the west and south by the Atlantic Ocean. Religion-Roman Catholic; 500 Protestants. Government-Hereditary limited monarchy. Executive, the King and Cabinet. Legislative, the Cortes, composed of House of Peers with 162 members, and House of Commons with 149 members. Education-5,500 schools with 240,000 pupils; 1 university with 670 students.

FRANCE is bounded on the north by the English Channel; on the west by the Bay of Biscay; on the south by Spain and the Mediterranean Sea; and on the east by Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, and Italy. Religion-Roman Catholic. About 693,000 Protestants. Government-Republican. Executive, the President of the Republic. Legislative, the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies. The former composed of 300 members, and the later of 584 members. Education is entirely under Government supervision. There are 16 "facultés des lettres et des sciences," 14 "facultés de droit," and 6 "facultés de médecine," with (1884) 12,195 students. Elementary and secondary schools, 86,000, with over 6,000,000 pupils.

BELGIUM.-On the west Belgium is bounded by the North Sea; on the north by the Netherlands; on the east by Holland; and on the south by France. Religion-The Roman Catholic religion is professed by nearly the entire population, though full liberty and social equality is granted to all confessions. There are 15,000 Protestants, and 3,000 Jews. Government-Constitutional and hereditary monarchy. Executive, the King and ministry. Legislative, vested in the King, the Chamber of Representatives, and the Senate. The Chamber consists of 138: members, and the Senate of 69. Education-There are 4 universities (Brussels, Ghent, Liège, and Louvain), attended in 1886-87 by 4,990 students; 150 higher class schools with 27,675 pupils; and 6,350 primary and infant schools with 673,938 pupils in 1885.

THE NETHERLANDS are bounded on the west and north by the North Sea; on the south by Belgium; and on the east by Germany. Religion-Protestants, 2,469,814; Roman Catholic, 1,439,137; Jews, 81,693. Government-Hereditary and constitutional monarchy. Executive, the King. Legislative, the King and Parliament or States-General, composed of the First Chamber with 50 members, and the Second Chamber with 100. Education-There are 4 universities (Leyden, Groningen, Utrecht, and Amsterdam), attended by (1886) 2,110 students; 1,278 private and higher class schools, with (1885) 174,604 scholars; 2,923;