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favourites, either American or Filipino, his single purpose being to insure the progress and promote the welfare of all. The American community of the Philippines, painted in such unflattering terms by Mr. Harrison, would have been entirely satisfied to have Mr. Yeater continue indefinitely in charge of the Government, and when he finally retired, did him unanimous homage in a popular despedida (farewell), which evidenced alike their admiration for him and their appreciation of sterling worth irrespective of political affiliations.

An impression prevails that Mr. Harrison, however he may have been regarded by the American community, was universally popular with the Philippine people and became their hero. In fact, however, this popularity was limited to members of the Nacionalista party, whom he favoured throughout his administration, and did not include a very considerable body of the people affiliated with the opposition or Demócrata party. La Nación, official organ of the latter party, in its issue of December 6, 1921, commenting upon the findings of the Wood-Forbes Mission, stated editorially:

For our part, we want to say that if in the past there have been serious errors and a most scandalous corruption in the government; the entire Filipino people cannot be held responsible for the misfortune. It is the Nacionalistas who should be condemned, men who by means of intrigue and election frauds prevented the masses of the people from sweeping them away, as they deserved, from the pedestal of stolen authority. We can also say here that the Nacionalistas are not the only ones responsible for the terrible political mix-up. Francis Burton Harrison, a former governor-general, with his backboneless policy of political complacency, his veritable abdication of his powers, his shameful neglect of duty which did great harm to the country and cast a most deplorable stigma upon the honour of the Government that he sented here, is also to be held responsible.

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While there is an intimation that had the Demócratas been in charge the situation would have been different, the fact remains that the Nacionalista party was maintained in power through the vote of the Philippine electorate, who must, in the last analysis, be held responsible for the shortcomings of their representatives.

GENERAL WOOD AND THE FILIPINOS

SOME two months following the arrival of GovernorGeneral Harrison in the Philippines, and when his purpose to scrap the existing organization was manifest, a popular banquet was tendered by the American community of Manila to Hon. Dean C. Worcester, late Secretary of the Interior of the islands. At this banquet given in his honour Mr. Worcester, quoting the old adage that "Those who sow the wind will reap the whirlwind,” remarked that the new administration was sowing a goodly quantity of "wind seeds," and that a prolific harvest was promised. Events more than fulfilled his prophecy, but unfortunately the full fruits of this sowing, and the need to provide ways and means to stem the whirlwind, did not fall to Mr. Harrison, as justice required, but became the difficult and thankless task of his successor, GovernorGeneral Wood.

In his attempt to bring the islands back to an even keel, and to start the Philippine people once more on the only possible course leading to economic and political stability, Governor-General Wood met with mutiny and insubordination from those who pretend a patriotic interest in his venture. The head and front of this opposition, and primarily if not solely responsible therefor, was one Don Manuel Quezón, a politician repudiated by a considerable percentage of his own people, but fighting to retain the power and prestige so lavishly accorded him by Mr.

Harrison. Inasmuch as these attacks upon General Wood find their alleged basis in what is termed a curtailment of "political privileges" theretofore granted by Congress, it is necessary to trace briefly the influence of Mr. Harrison's "wind seeds" in creating the disturbance. In a book seeking to justify his Philippine doings, Mr. Harrison credits his appointment as Governor-General to Mr. Quezón, then Philippine Delegate in Congress, a like admission having been made, as before mentioned, in a public address shortly after his arrival in Manila. This open recognition of Quezón as "King-Maker" enabled him to play a conspicuous and influential rôle in island affairs during the Harrison administration. When, in 1916, an elective Philippine Senate was authorized and created, it was altogether natural that Mr. Quezón should become not only a member, but also its president. Sr. Sergio Osmeña, his only outstanding rival in power, was Speaker of the House and President of the "Nacionalista,' or dominant political party.

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Congress, in its Organic Law for the Philippines, adopted the American plan of government, provision being made for Executive, Legislative, and Judicial divisions, each having well-defined powers and limitations. The functions of the Executive, having to do with appointments to and removals from office, the enforcement of laws, and supervision of executive departments, were vested in the Governor-General.

In the Philippines, as in every country where there is a small, dominant upper class and a subservient popular mass "called upon to obey," the ruling political ambition is for "executive authority." The vicious circle of revolutions in Mexico and other Latin-American countries for the past hundred years hinges upon this struggle

of rival leaders for executive control of the Government. Under the Organic Law, however, Messrs. Quezón and Osmeña were without executive power, having only such authority as was vested in them as presiding officers of the Senate and House respectively. While they completely dominated the legislature and its every action, they coveted control of the Executive and its perquisites as well. This they finally achieved through Harrison's complaisant creation, by Executive Order, of a so-called "Council of State," upon which the President of the Senate and Speaker of the House were given seats. This body, which also included the Department Secretaries, was to "aid and advise" the Governor-General, being fashioned after the system in vogue in parliamentary governments.

Exercising, as they already did, complete control over the various Filipino Secretaries of Departments, Quezón and Osmeña were now enabled through this council, to which Harrison abdicated most of his prerogatives, to dictate the policies of both the executive and legislative branches of the Government. Control of the judiciary was averted only through refusal of the United States Senate to sanction a Filipino majority on the Supreme. Court; something proposed by Harrison and acquiesced in by President Wilson.

Filipinos themselves concede that this Council of State is utterly without legal sanction, and a deliberate encroachment upon the powers of the Executive as fixed by Congress. Despite this fact, however, and doubtless because of it, the Philippine Legislature early incorporated provisions in its laws recognizing such council as a legal entity. Not only this, but it sought to insure perpetuation of this extra-legal body through investing it with such

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