work, and contains information on almost every subject connected with Portuguese history-the principal writers, generals, engagements, lists of the royal families from the commencement of the monarchy, military orders, religious orders, saints, miraculous images, &c. &c. Andrade, Diogo d', Exame de Antiguidades, Lisbon, 1616, quarto; contains not much about Portugal. Estaco, G., Varias Antiguidades de Portugal, Lisbon, 1625, folio. Topographical and statistical works.-The Diccionario Geografico_do Reino de Portugal e seus Dominios por Paulo Perestrello da Camara, Rio de Janeiro, Laemmert, 1850, 2 vols. octavo, is a very excellent work. The first volume is a topographical dictionary of all the towns and of the principal villages in Portugal. The author had access to the best sources of information and travelled extensively; and, with the single exception of his outrageous prejudice against the English, his book is trustworthy. The second volume contains a brief physical and commercial description of the country, a history of the military orders, its literature, and its general history. Diccionario Geografico Abreviado, por hum Flaviense; publicado por Antonio Fernandez Pereira, Porto, 1853. This is an abbreviation of the first-mentioned work in one volume. Diccionario Geografico-Estadistico de España y Portugal, por I. de Miñano, Madrid, 1826 to 1829, 11 volumes quarto. The commercial and statistical parts of this work are much valued. Corografia Portuguesa, e Descripção topografica do Famoso Reino de Portugal, Lisbon, 1706 to 1712, 3 vols. folio; contains a vast amount of topographical information. Essai statistique sur Portugal, par Adrian Balbi, Paris, 2 vols. 8vo. This is one of the best books of its kind ever published; the errors almost necessary in a work of this kind when composed by a foreigner, are pointed out in a paper contained in the Transactions of the Academy of Sciences. Hubner, Die Zoll-tarife Aller Länder, Leipsic, 1852, contains some information on Portuguese commerce. Colmenar, D. Juan de; Les Délices d'Espagne et de Portugal, Leyden, 1716, 6 vols. 12mo. Historical, Military, and Picturesque Observations on Portugal, illustrated by 75 coloured plates, including authentic plans of the sieges and battles fought in the Peninsula during the late war; by George Landmann, Lieutenant-Colonel in the Royal Engineers, London, 1818, 2 vols. folio. The first volume contains a history of Portugal which may be better read elsewhere; the second embraces a topographical description of nearly the whole country; the plates, if not firstrate in an artistic point of view, nevertheless afford a better idea of Portuguese scenery, and especially of its colouring, than any other work with which we are acquainted. We would especially refer to those of Ponte do Lima, Penafiel, and S. Paio. Lima, Geografia. Hints to Travellers in Portugal in Search of the Beautiful and the Grand, London, 1852, by one who is probably better acquainted with the scenery of Minho and Beira than any other Englishman now living. The Prize Essay on Portugal, by Joseph James Forrester (now the Baron de Forrester), London, 1854; a most valuable book by one who has done more for Portugal than perhaps any other individual during the last century. Military works on Portugal.-Southey's History of the Peninsular War, 3 volumes quarto, London, 1814. Colonel Napier's History of the War in the Peninsula, London, 1828 to 1840, 6 volumes. Colonel Land mann's work, mentioned above. Wyld, James, Memoir annexed to an atlas, containing plans of battles, sieges, &c., in the Peninsula from 1808 to 1814, London, 1841. Hodges, Narrative of the Expedition to Portugal in 1822. For the history of the Miguelite troubles, Alexander, James E., Sketches in Portugal during the Civil War of 1834. For the natural history, Brotero, Felix Avila, Flora Lusitanica, Lisbon, 1804, 2 vols. quarto. Phytographia Lusitanica, Lisbon, 1816-1827, 2 vols. folio. Fleurs Portugaises, par le Comte de Hoffmansegg et H. F. Link, Berlin, 1809, folio. On artistic subjects there is but one work worth mention, Les Arts en Portugal. Lettres addressées à la Société Artistique de Berlin, par le Comte A. Raczynski, Paris, 1846. This contains a good deal of information, but is one of the most perplexed books ever written, the writer appearing to have printed all his former letters merely for the sake of confuting them in his latter. The traveller in the Peninsula, who has been accustomed to the long and illustrious catalogue of Spanish painters, will be most grievously disappointed when he finds that Portugal exhibits almost a blank in this department of art; a want lamented by Camoens (see p. 15). It would be easy to give, from the pages of Count Raczynski and others, a long list of third-rate artists, whose names would be as uninteresting as their performances are worthless. But, except Gran Vasco (see p. 118) and his school, Portugal never raised one illustrious painter. To the admirer of early Christian art, Lamego and its vicinity will be classical ground; and he will here and there, as in the picture-galleries at Lisbon, at Setubal, &c., meet with some objects of interest. The volume of Count Raczynski, however, above mentioned, proves how little, in the way of artistic skill, can be discovered by the most diligent and persevering investigator. The following are the most celebrated among the painters who either were natives of, or who worked in Portugal XVth Century. "Master John, valet to the Duke of Burgundy"-JOHN Alvaro di Pietro. Gran Vasco? XVIth Century. Andrea Gonzalez, Campello, Cristoforo Lopez, Fernando Gallegos de Salamanca. :- Of ordinary tours the following may be mentioned :-Baretti, Joseph, A Journey from London to Genoa through England, Portugal, Spain, and France, London, 1770, 4 vols. 8vo. This is chiefly valuable for the description which the author gives of various public festivals held at Lisbon during his visit to that capital. Murphy, James, Travels in Portugal through the Provinces of Entre Douro e Minho, Beira, Estremadura, and Alemtejo in the years 1789 and 1790, London, 1795; contains some views and a facsimile of the famous Sanscrit inscription brought by D. João de Castro from India. Link, M. J., Bemerkungen auf einer Reise durch Spanien und vorzugleich Portugal, Kiel, 1800 to 1804, 3 vols. 8vo., and also Voyage en Portugal fait depuis 1797 jusqu'au 1799, par M. Link et le Comte de Hoffmansegg, Paris, 1808, 3 vols. 8vo. This is one of the best and most trustworthy accounts of Portugal that has yet been published on all matters connected with scenery and natural history. It is surprising, after the lapse of fifty years, how true Link's descriptions will still be found. Bernard, E., Briefe während meiner Hausenhalter in England und Portugal, Hamburgh, 1803, 2 vols. 8vo. Ruders, C. J., Nagra anmärkningar öfver Portugall, Stockholm, 1803. Ruders, C. J., Portugisisk resa beskrifern i bref til Vänner, Stockholm, 1845. Itinéraire de Portugal, Bourdeaux, 1810. Letters on Portugal, by Robert Southey, London, 1814. Reichard, Guide des Voyageurs, vol. i., Weimar, 1820. Baillie, Lisbon in 1821, 1822, and 1823. Caernarvon, Lord, Travels in Galicia and Portugal, London, 1827, and reprinted in Murray's Home and Colonial Library; one of the most interesting and picturesque books of its class: the writer also gives much information as to the beginning of the Miguelite troubles. Portugal illustrated, in a series of Letters, by the Rev. W. M. Kinsey, London, 1828: a large octavo with some tolerable plates, but full of inaccuracies and containing nothing original. Portugal, Erinnerungen aus den Jahre 1842, Maintz, 1843. This volume of travels by the Prince Lichnoffsky has been translated into Portuguese. Lusitanian Sketches of the Pen and Pencil, by William H. G. Kingston, London, 1845, 2 vols. ; was intended as a kind of handbook to the north of Portugal. An Overland Journey to Lisbon at the close of 1846, with a picture of the actual state of Spain and Portugal, London, 1847, 2 vols., by J. M. Hughes. An Ecclesiological Tour in Portugal, in the Ecclesiologist for 1853 and 1854. § 13.-SKELETON TOURS. The great attraction of Portugal is its scenery, and few would think of visiting it with any other object. Although it undoubtedly possesses magnificent mountain ranges, no one would dream of claiming for them anything like the sublimity of the Alps or the Pyrenees. It is in their exquisite richness, their wonderful colouring, and their romantic loveliness, that they are probably unrivalled in Europe, unless it may be by the valleys of Greece. The rapidity with which their beauties shift is another great ingredient in their charm. The whole province of Minho may be traversed in every direction with the certainty of new beauty at each step, and can scarcely be described more happily than in the words of the poet Dracontius, himself a native of the Peninsula : : "Planitie pars tensa jacet; pars littora curvat; Another great charm of Portugal consists in its rivers, which, with scarcely an exception, unite the wildest rocks with the most romantic woodland scenery. Of these, for grandeur, the Zezere stands unrivalled, as does the Lima for loveliness. Their number, considering the extent of the kingdom, is truly surprising. The five navigable rivers, the Tejo, the Douro, the Minho, the Guadiana, and the Sado occupy the first place; next comes the Mondego, the largest stream that rises in Portugal; and the following list embraces the most remarkable of the remainder. We mark with an asterisk those that will best repay examination. Wherever the traveller may be staying, if he is in doubt in what direction to take an evening walk, he will be almost sure to be well repaid if he follows the course of the nearest river; and the water-mills, both overshot and under-shot, niched up in curious out-of-the-way recesses of the rocks, or at the head of cascades, will be sure to form delightful subjects for a sketch-book. It must not be thought that the whole of Portugal deserves the character which we have given to the scenery of its better parts. South of the Tagus, with the exception of the Arrabida, Monchique, and the banks of the Guadiana and Sever, it is for the most part uninteresting, Algarve consisting of rocks and sand, Alemtejo of vast heaps covered with the cistus. The scenery, however, round the river Sever and towards the Spanish frontier, equals almost anything in Portugal. Parts of Estremadura are pretty, but it scarcely rises to surpassing beauty except near the Zezere. Beira, in its western part, approximates to the richness and loveliness of the Minho, while in the various off-shoots of the Serra da Estrella the scenery is on the grandest scale. The north part of this province consists of high table-land, bleak and dull. Traz os Montes is rather savage than sublime, yet the gorge of the Douro from Miranda to Mazouco near Vilvestre-and again at the Cachão de São Salvador (near São João de Pesqueira)—with parts of the Marão mountain in the wine countryof the elevated ground to the west of the river Tamega-of the margins of the Douro from Barqueiros to Porto Manço - of Quebrantões, the entrance to Oporto-are very fine. The Minho we have already characterised. On the whole, the points to be seen at all events are the Serra de Soajo, the scenery between Braga and Valença, the Gerez, the Lagoa Escura in the Estrella, the valley of the Mondego, the Zezere, especially the bridge of Pedrogão Grande, the view above Isna on the road from Estreito, the Laça, the gorge of the Sever between Montalvão and Herrera in Spain, the Arrabida and Monchique. The height of the principal mountains is said to be Gaviarra or Outeiro Maior Canariz in the Estrella Soajo The Lean Pitcher Montezinho, near Bragança (the only mountain that has perpetual snow). Gerez, the highest peak Marão Foya Picota. Louzãa, the highest peak Feet. 7,880 7,524 7,400 7,200 $} 7,100 4,800 4,400 3,830 3,700 2,300 2,180 2,150 2,100 Montejunto Minde Falperra An ecclesiological tour.-No European country has less interesting ecclesiology than Portugal; there are certainly not 150 old churches in the kingdom; the French invasion, the great earthquake, and the rage for rebuilding in the eighteenth century, having destroyed almost all. The following tour embraces nearly everything that is worth seeing. |