cedar, and this fact should be noted in connection with the classification by species. The term hardwoods used in these statistics includes several of the broad leaved or deciduous species. Thus far we have omitted any subclassification under this general head because many of the mills had not kept any such record of their hardwood logs. Some of the mill owners intimated that they did not want to be bothered by attempting a further addition to their returns, and as their responses to our requests for information are entirely gratuitous, it did not seem advisable to press the matter. We are able, however, to arrive approximately at the proportion of species embraced under the reports of hardwoods from our knowledge of the standing timber and forest composition in the localities whence these mills obtain their logs. The hardwoods cut by the Adirondack mills are confined to birch, maple, beech, and basswood, and in this order as to quantity. There is also a very small proportion, but very small, of elm, cherry and ash. There is no oak, chestnut or hickory on the Adirondack plateau. But the hardwoods sawed in the mills throughout the rest of the State include a large proportion of the latter species. The 112,069,951 feet of pine reported is almost exclusively white pine, especially so in the Adirondacks. In other parts of the State there are small quantities of Norway, pitch and yellow pine, but if cut they did not probably exceed five per cent. of the total output of pine. The tamarack (American larch) grows freely in some parts of the Adirondacks, especially on low swampy lands, but as yet it is not used in the sawmills to any noticeable extent. It is cut occasionally by farmers to furnish frame timber for barns or houses, for which purpose this species is well adapted. White cedar, as already mentioned, is used largely for shingles, and a great many trees of this species are cut every year for telegraph and telephone poles. But the timber removed from the forest for the latter purpose does not enter into the returns from the mills, and as the work is done by jobbers and farmers we are unable to arrive definitely at this particular, but important, product. The figures showing the forest product consumed by the pulpmills do not indicate the extent of that industry in this State, for many of them obtain a part, or all, of this stock of wood from Canada. There are 87 pulpmills in New York. Wisconsin comes next, with 38; then Maine, with 30, and New Hampshire, with 10. In daily capacity New York leads also, with 3,561 tons; Maine comes next, with 2,185 tons; then Wisconsin, 1,404 tons, and New Hampshire, 1,048 tons. The daily capacity of the New York mills is divided into 2,459 tons of ground, and 1,105 of chemical pulp. The mills consumed in 1905, a total of 1,301,986 cords of wood, of which 536,580 cords were cut in this State. The total production of pulp for that year was 977,313 tons. The average stumpage value of spruce pulpwood in the Adirondacks is about $2.60 per cord, the price varying with its accessibility, density of stand, and proximity of a desirable stream or railroad. FOREST RESOURCES OF NEW YORK. In view of the large amount of timber removed each year from the forests of this State it becomes necessary to make a careful inquiry as to the amount that is left. How long will it be before our resources are exhausted? Various estimates have been made by professional foresters and experts during the last twenty years showing the amount of standing timber in New York. In each case the amount was underestimated. Some of the estimates are already disproved, because a larger amount has been cut since, and the cutting is still going on with a larger annual output than ever before. We have recently expended considerable time in efforts to ascertain the acreage of woodland in New York and classify it according to its forest composition. As a result of this work I submit an estimate of the amount of standing timber now remaining in the Adiron dack and Catskill forests and in the woodlands throughout the State: Coniferous species (softwoods or evergreens)... Total Feet, B. M. 7,660,000,000 38,400,000,000 46,060,000,000 No great degree of accuracy is claimed for these figures. It is submitted as an approximate estimate based on such information as the Department has been able to obtain after a careful study of the acreage and forest composition. It is tentative rather than final, and will be revised from time to time as further information is obtained. Its value consists chiefly in the fact that there is an entire lack of any other definite statement or estimate. Of the 7.66 billion feet of conifers we estimate that 5.075 billion feet consists of spruce, nearly all of which is in the Adirondacks, and the greater part of that on State lands. Of the 38.4 billion feet of hardwoods, we estimate that 32.95 billion feet is composed of maple, birch and beech; and that, of the latter, 3.9 billion feet is situated in the woodlands outside the Adirondack and Catskill counties. The other hardwood species in the State consist of chestnut, oak, basswood and elm. The most of the white ash and hickory, because of their greater value, was removed years ago. Nut bearing trees may still be seen in isolated positions on the farms, but these are not included in the estimates of forest or woodland. Prior to 1875, or thereabouts, there was a large quantity of whitewood or yellow poplar (tulip tree) in the woodlands of southwestern New York noticeably in Chautauqua county; but owing to the demand for this highly merchantable species, it has been cut, and now a tulip tree is seldom seen outside of parks or lawns. TRESPASSES. The State forestry law relating to trespasses or cutting trees on lands of the forest preserve provides that: 66 A person who cuts or causes to be cut or carries away or causes to be carried away any trees, timber, wood or bark from state lands in the forest preserve is guilty of a misdemeanor; he shall also be liable to a penalty of ten dollars for each tree cut, taken away or destroyed by him, or under his direction. The penalty so incurred may be recovered in the action to recover damages for trespass or in a separate action." (Chap. 20, Laws of 1900, Part II, Article XIII, Section 222). Attention is called to the provision of the above section by which a trespass is constituted a misdemeanor instead of a felony. For this reason petty trespassers have been punished by the imposition of a fine equivalent to three times the value of the timber cut, or in some cases by a penalty of ten dollars a tree, and imprisonment is enforced only when the defendants refuse to pay the fine. At the same time, offenders of this class can be prosecuted for larceny under a section of the penal code, and hence, in cases where there was a flagrant violation of the law, an intentional trespass of great extent, indictments for grand larceny have been obtained and the defendants are now waiting trial. No trespasses of this kind, however, occurred in 1906, the year for which this report is made. During the year 1906 the legal department of the Commission has collected and turned into the State Treasury $19,651.25 which was obtained from fines imposed for cutting trees on State land. Of this amount $18,566.25 was in settlement of offences committed prior to the current year, and $1,085.00 for trespasses during 1906. The forest inspectors, game protectors, and other employes of the Commission are now required by law to report immediately to this office each trespass when discovered, its location, and number of trees cut; also the kind of trees and diameter of the stump. They are provided with printed blanks on which to make out these reports, and which must be mailed to the superintendent as soon as the offender is discovered and the stumps counted and measured. When the report is received at the Albany office it is entered on a book of record and then handed to the legal department of the Commission for immediate prosecution. In no case will a settlement be made for less than three times the value of the timber; and in aggravated cases or repeated offenses the defendants are indicted for grand larceny. There are no lumbering operations now on State land as formerly, and the only trespasses committed by lumbermen are where the old blazed line of a State lot has become obliterated, or where there is a disputed boundary. The most of the trespasses in 1906 were by persons who cut trees for firewood. If the question is asked why these trespasses were not stopped before, I would respectfully call your attention to the fact that prior to the passage of chapter 285, Laws of 1905, the business connected with the suppression of trespasses was entrusted by law to officials belonging to another department of this Commission. When the business was placed in my hands by this law of 1905 all lumbering on State lands was stopped immediately, and timber cutting on the Preserve was suppressed so far that no violations occurred last year, except the petty cases among the poorer class of residents who took trees for firewood, or persons who cut timber along some dis‐ puted line or on some lot to which they claimed title and on which they had paid taxes for many years. AREA OF FOREST PRESERVE. The Forest Preserve as defined by law includes the lands now owned or which may be hereafter acquired by the State within the county of Clinton, except the towns of Altona and Dannemora, and the counties of Essex, Franklin, Fulton, Hamilton, Herkimer, Lewis, Oneida, Saratoga, Saint Lawrence, Warren, and Washington, in the |