own telescopes. But I presume, if there never had been a telescope till some scientific astronomer had learned to mix, melt, and mold glass, such a thing would never have been heard of. It is not less true that those employed in making the glass could not, in the nature of things, be expected to acquire the scientific knowledge requisite for carrying on those arduous calculations applied to bring into a system the discoveries made by the magnifying power of the telescope. I might extend the same remark to the other materials of which a telescope consists. It cannot be used for any purpose of nice observation without being very carefully mounted on a frame of strong metal, which demands the united labors of the mathematical instrumentmaker and the brass-founder. Here, then, in taking but one single step out of the philosopher's observatory, we find he needs an instrument to be produced by the united labors of the mathematical instrument-maker, the brass-founder, the glass-polisher, and the maker of the glass,-four trades. He must also have an astronomical clock, and it would be easy to count up half a dozen trades which directly or indirectly are connected in making a clock. But let us go back to the object-glass of the telescope. A glass factory requires a building and furnaces. The man who makes the glass does not make the building. But the stone and brick mason, the carpenter and the blacksmith, must furnish the greater part of the labor and skill required to construct the building. When it is built, a large quantity of fuel, wood, and wood-coal or mineral coal of various kinds, or all together, must be provided; and then the materials of which the glass is made, and with which it is colored, some of which are furnished by commerce from different and distant regions, and must be brought in ships across the sea. We cannot take up any one of these trades without immediately finding that it connects itself with numerous others. Take, for instance, the mason who builds the furnace. He does not make his own bricks, nor burn his own lime; in common cases the bricks come from one place, the lime from another, the sand from another. The brick-maker does not cut down his own wood. It is carted or brought in boats to his yard. The man who carts it does not make his own wagon; nor does the person who brings it in boats build his own boat. The man who makes the wagon does not make the tire. The blacksmith who makes the tire does not smelt the ore; and the forgeman who smelts the ore does not build his own furnace (and there we get back to the point whence we started), nor dig his own mine. The man who digs the mine does not make the pickax with which he digs it, nor the pump with which he keeps out the water. The man who makes the pump did not discover the principle of atmospheric pressure, which led to pump-making: that was done by a mathematician at Florence, experimenting in his chamber on a glass tube. And here we come back again to our glass, and to an instance of the close connection of scientific research with practical art. It is plain that this enumeration might be pursued till every art and every science were shown to run into every other. No one can doubt this who will go over the subject in his own mind, beginning with any one of the processes of mining and working metals, of shipbuilding, and navigation, and the other branches of art and industry pursued in civilized communities. If, then, on the one hand, the astronomer depends for his telescope on the ultimate product of so many arts; in return, his observations are the basis of an astronomical system, and of calculations of the movements of the heavenly bodies, which furnish the mariner with his best guide across the ocean. The prudent shipmaster would no more think of sailing for India without his Bowditch's 'Practical Navigator' than he would without his compass; and this navigator contains tables drawn from the highest walks of astronomical science. Every first mate of a vessel, who works a lunar observation to ascertain the ship's longitude, employs tables in which the most wonderful discoveries and calculations of La Place, and Newton, and Bowditch are interwoven. I mention this as but one of the cases in which astronomical science promotes the service and convenience of common life; and, perhaps, when we consider the degree to which the modern extension of navigation connects itself with industry in all its branches, this may be thought sufficient. I will only add that the cheap convenience of an almanac, which enters into the comforts of every fireside in the country, could not be enjoyed, but for the labors and studies of the profoundest philosophers. Not that great learning or talent is now required to execute the astronomical calculations of an almanac, although no inconsiderable share of each is needed for this purpose; but because even to perform these calculations requires the aid of tables which have been gradually formed on the basis of the profoundest investigations of the long line of philosophers, who have devoted themselves to this branch of science. For, as we observed on the mechanical side of the illustration, it was not one trade alone which was required to furnish the philosopher with his instrument, but a great variety; so, on the other hand, it is not the philosopher in one department who creates a science out of nothing. The observing astronomer furnishes materials to the calculating astronomer, and the calculator derives methods from the pure mathematician, and a long succession of each for ages must unite their labors in a great result. Without the geometry of the Greeks, and the algebra of the Arabs, the infinitesimal analysis of Newton and Leibnitz would never have been invented. Examples and illustrations equally instructive might be found in every other branch of industry. The man who will go into a cotton mill, and contemplate it from the great water wheel that gives the first movement (and still more from the steam engine, should that be the moving power), who will observe the parts of the machinery, and the various processes of the fabric, till he reaches the hydraulic press with which it is made into a bale, and the canal or railroad by which it is sent to market, may find every branch of trade, and every department of science, literally crossed, intertwined, interwoven, with every other, like the woof and the warp of the article manufactured. Not a little of the spinning machinery is constructed on principles drawn from the demonstrations of transcendental mathematics; and the processes of bleaching and dyeing now practiced are the results of the most profound researches of modern chemistry. And, if this does not satisfy the inquirer, let him trace the cotton to the plantation where it grew, in Georgia or Alabama; the indigo to Bengal; the oil to the olive gardens of Italy, or the fishinggrounds of the Pacific Ocean; let him consider the cotton gin, the carding machine, the power loom, and the spinning apparatus, and all the arts, trades, and sciences directly or indirectly connected with these, and I believe he will soon agree that one might start from a yard of coarse printed cotton, which costs ten cents, and prove out of it, as out of a text, that every art and science under heaven had been concerned in its fabric. LUCIUS, LORD FALKLAND (1610-1643) N 1636, when Sir John Finch was Chief-Justice of the English courts of the realm received from King Charles I. this question-most momentous in its results, involving, as it did, the loss of the King's head: "When the good and safety of the kingdom are concerned, whether may not the King, by writ, under the Great Seal of England, command all the subjects in his kingdom at their charge, to provide and furnish such number of ships with men, victuals, and munitions, and for such time as he shall think fit for the defense and safeguard of the kingdom from such danger and peril, and by law compel the doing thereof in case of refusal or refractoriness. And whether in such case is not the King sole judge of the danger and of when and how the same is to be prevented and avoided.” Thus was presented the question of "Ship-Money," involving that of the King's absolutism. The judges answered that the King was "in such case sole judge of the danger and when and how the same is to be prevented and avoided," and that he might lay such taxes at his pleasure, punishing those who should refuse to pay them. It was on such advice that Hampden, denying the right of the King to tax the people without their consent, expressed by act of Parliament, was prosecuted for refusing to pay his "Ship-Money." When the conduct of the judges in giving the King their extrajudicial sanction was discovered in Parliament, it was determined to impeach them, and, accordingly, on December 5th, 1640, Lord Falkland made his speech against Finch. When actually impeached by the Commons, Finch, who had been promoted to Lord Keeper by the King, went to Holland. Falkland himself afterwards changed sides, abandoning Parliament for the King, in whose service he fell at Newbury, September 20th, 1643. He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin (his father being Lord Deputy of Ireland), and, as Sir Lucius Cary, was the friend of Ben Jonson and Suckling. One of his modern biographers says that when he entered Parliament in 1640, "he quickly assumed prominence on the side of the King," but it is evident from the testimony of his contemporaries and his own speeches that in the great question at issue he was strongly against the King's position. One of his contemporaries calls him "Lord Falkland, that excellent man, one of the wonders of his age, who afterwards made a dear atonement for his mistakes by losing his life in his Majesty's service." After leaving Parliament, he became one of the King's Secretaries of State and an active opponent of the popular cause. SHIP-MONEY-IMPEACHING LORD KEEPER FINCH Mr. Speaker: I (Delivered in Parliament, December 5th, 1640) REJOICE very much to see this day; and the want hath not lain in my affections, but my lungs, if to all that hath been past I have not been as loud with my voice as any man in the House; yet truly my opinion is, we have yet done nothing if we do no more; I shall add what I humbly conceive ought to be added, as soon as I have said something with reference to him. that says it. I will first desire the forgiveness of the House, if aught I say seem to intrench upon another profession and enter upon the work of another robe. Since I have been intrusted by the report of a learned committee, and confirmed by the uncontradicted rule of the House; since I shall say nothing of this kind but in order to something further, which moves me most to venture my opinion, and to expect your pardon; since I am confident that history alone is sufficient to show this judgment contrary to our laws, and logic alone sufficient to prove it destructive to our propriety, which every free and noble person values more than his possession-I will not profess I know of myself, but all those who know me, know that my natural disposition is to decline from severity-much more from cruelty. That I have no particular provocation from their persons, and have particular obligations to their calling against whom I am to speak; and though I have not so much, yet far more than I have, so I hope it will be believed that only public interest hath extorted this from me, and that which I would not say, if I conceived it not so true, and so necessary, that no undigested meat can lie heavier upon the stomach than this unsaid would have lain upon my conscience. Mr. Speaker, the Constitution of the Commonwealth hath established, or rather endeavored to establish, to us the security of our goods, and the security of those laws which would secure |